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                        <title>Titanic submersible suffered &#039;catastrophic implosion,&#039; killing 5: U.S. Coast Guard</title>
                        <link>https://www.amazians.com/forum/anglo/titanic-submersible-suffered-catastrophic-implosion-killing-5-u-s-coast-guard/</link>
                        <pubDate>Fri, 23 Jun 2023 00:37:12 +0000</pubDate>
                        <description><![CDATA[Titanic submersible suffered &#039;catastrophic implosion,&#039; killing 5: U.S. Coast Guard
 












Titanic sub: 5 dead after &#039;catastrophic implosion&#039; | CTV News



 

 

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						                            <category domain="https://www.amazians.com/forum/anglo/">4 Anglo Parliament</category>                        <dc:creator>Rick Cool</dc:creator>
                        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.amazians.com/forum/anglo/titanic-submersible-suffered-catastrophic-implosion-killing-5-u-s-coast-guard/</guid>
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                        <title>Trudeau looks to remake Canada&#039;s symbols in his Liberal image</title>
                        <link>https://www.amazians.com/forum/anglo/trudeau-looks-to-remake-canadas-symbols-in-his-liberal-image/</link>
                        <pubDate>Wed, 07 Jun 2023 02:04:37 +0000</pubDate>
                        <description><![CDATA[Trudeau looks to remake Canada&#039;s symbols in his Liberal imageThe Trudeau Liberals want to paint your passport Liberal red and remake our national symbols in their imageAuthor of the article:...]]></description>
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<div class="message-userContent lbContainer js-lbContainer " data-lb-id="post-2995342" data-lb-caption-desc="spaminator · May 6, 2023 at 1:52 PM">
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<div class="bbWrapper">Trudeau looks to remake Canada's symbols in his Liberal image<br />The Trudeau Liberals want to paint your passport Liberal red and remake our national symbols in their image<br /><br /><br />Author of the article:Brian Lilley<br />Published May 04, 2023 • Last updated 2 days ago • 3 minute read<br /><br />Is Justin Trudeau about to paint your Canadian passport Liberal red?<br /><br /><br />It’s one of the changes the Trudeau government is considering including dropping images such as Canada’s National Vimy Memorial in France or the portrait of the Fathers of Confederation from the pages of your passport.<br /><br /><br />Over the past few days, my Postmedia colleague John Ivison has been detailing the push to drop some symbols in favour of others. In addition to looking at changing the passport, the Trudeau Liberals are also using the coronation of King Charles III to unilaterally change Canada’s coat of arms.<br /><br />The new design of the national coat of arms, which adorns the front of your passport, hasn’t been revealed yet. Ivison, though, has spoken to people who have seen the design and they tell him that it “replaces all Christian and religious symbols (crosses and fleur-de-lis) with maple leafs, snowflakes and stars.”<br /><br /><br /><br />Have you heard that the government was looking to change so many national symbols at once? Have you been contacted by the government as part of a public consultation?<br /><br />The current coat of arms has been in use since 1957 and was updated in the 1990s by the Chretien government to include the motto of the Order of Canada — Desiderantes Meliorem Patriam, ‘desiring a better country.’ The current coat of arms also includes the national motto, A Mari Usque Ad Mare, which is a biblical passage from Psalm 72:8 meaning ‘from sea to sea.’<br /><br />If all religious symbols are being dropped, will that now be done away with? Will it be changed to the clumsier from sea, to sea, to sea, as some have called for?<br /><br />What about the two crowns currently on the coat of arms? Both crowns have crosses on the top of them, does that mean they are removed as well?<br /><br /><br />Part of the impetus for changing the coat of arms was the decision by King Charles to use the Tudor cross atop his crown instead of the St. Edward cross that his late mother favoured. Will the Trudeau government simply eliminate the crowns all together to ensure there are no religious symbols?<br /><br />It would seem these are questions Canadians should have answers to and should have some input on. It shouldn’t be up to the government of the day to change our national symbols to suit their needs or desires.<br /><br />There are still a great many Canadians who feel that way about the national flag. Love it as I might, it shouldn’t be lost on anyone that Lester Pearson’s Liberal government adopted a flag that matched his party’s colours. After generations of Canada being represented with red, white and blue, the Liberals ensured their new flag in 1965 only featured red and white, just their party logo.<br /><br /><br />And now, the Liberals are at it again with changes to the coat of arms and passport. By the way, one of the proposed changes is switching the passport from the dark blue, almost black colour that it has been for decades to, you guessed it, Liberal red.<br /><br />It’s utterly shameless that they would even consider this.<br /><br />Critics will say the Conservatives did the same when they were in power, I’d argue they didn’t. While the passport changes they brought in did feature images of the military and Canada’s history, they also included images of Terry Fox, Nellie McClung, Pier 21, Niagara Falls, Quebec City, a Prairies wheat field, and the Bluenose.<br /><br />The symbols of Canada belong to all Canadians, not to the Liberal Party who view themselves as Canada’s natural governing party.<br /><br />If major symbols are going to be changed, the people should be consulted, not just the people who vote for, support and donate to Justin Trudeau and his Liberal Party.<br /><br /><a href="mailto:blilley@postmedia.com">blilley@postmedia.com</a><br />
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<h3 class="contentRow-header js-unfurl-title"><a class="link link--external fauxBlockLink-blockLink" href="http://torontosun.com/opinion/columnists/trudeau-looks-to-remake-canadas-symbols-in-his-liberal-image" target="_blank" rel="nofollow ugc noopener" data-proxy-href="/proxy.php?link=http%3A%2F%2Ftorontosun.com%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnists%2Ftrudeau-looks-to-remake-canadas-symbols-in-his-liberal-image&amp;hash=f6b1a6925bc6e855129db28008438362">LILLEY: Trudeau looks to remake Canada's symbols in his Liberal image</a></h3>
<div class="contentRow-snippet js-unfurl-desc">From making the passport Liberal red to changing the symbols on the national coat of arms, it's all being done in secret.</div>
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						                            <category domain="https://www.amazians.com/forum/anglo/">4 Anglo Parliament</category>                        <dc:creator>Rick Cool</dc:creator>
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                        <title>Found in Manitoba But Nowhere Else on Earth!</title>
                        <link>https://www.amazians.com/forum/anglo/found-in-manitoba-but-nowhere-else-on-earth/</link>
                        <pubDate>Wed, 07 Jun 2023 02:03:29 +0000</pubDate>
                        <description><![CDATA[Wapusk National Park has a population of Black, Polar &amp; Grizzly Bears-something found nowhere else on earth!




Grizzly bears
An animated gif of a large grizzly bear in Wapusk Nat...]]></description>
                        <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a class="link link--external" href="https://parks.canada.ca/pn-np/mb/wapusk" target="_blank" rel="nofollow ugc noopener" data-proxy-href="/proxy.php?link=https%3A%2F%2Fparks.canada.ca%2Fpn-np%2Fmb%2Fwapusk&amp;hash=1fa4c1b6d628d4f19829c4b2eb0d1c09"><u><strong>Wapusk National Park has a population of Black, Polar &amp; Grizzly Bears-something found nowhere else on earth!</strong></u></a><br /><br /></p>
<div class="bbCodeBlock bbCodeBlock--unfurl    js-unfurl fauxBlockLink" data-unfurl="true" data-result-id="34843" data-url="https://parks.canada.ca/pn-np/mb/wapusk/nature/faune-animals/cam/grizzli-grizzly" data-host="parks.canada.ca" data-pending="false">
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<h3 class="contentRow-header js-unfurl-title"><a class="link link--external fauxBlockLink-blockLink" href="https://parks.canada.ca/pn-np/mb/wapusk/nature/faune-animals/cam/grizzli-grizzly" target="_blank" rel="nofollow ugc noopener" data-proxy-href="/proxy.php?link=https%3A%2F%2Fparks.canada.ca%2Fpn-np%2Fmb%2Fwapusk%2Fnature%2Ffaune-animals%2Fcam%2Fgrizzli-grizzly&amp;hash=410c99a0f7e36dd2954a4b76694bd9c9">Grizzly bears</a></h3>
<div class="contentRow-snippet js-unfurl-desc">An animated gif of a large grizzly bear in Wapusk National Park captured using the remote cameras.</div>
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<div class="bbCodeBlock bbCodeBlock--unfurl    js-unfurl fauxBlockLink" data-unfurl="true" data-result-id="34844" data-url="https://parks.canada.ca/pn-np/mb/wapusk/nature/faune-animals/mammiferes-mammals/ours-bears/noir-black" data-host="parks.canada.ca" data-pending="false">
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<h3 class="contentRow-header js-unfurl-title"><a class="link link--external fauxBlockLink-blockLink" href="https://parks.canada.ca/pn-np/mb/wapusk/nature/faune-animals/mammiferes-mammals/ours-bears/noir-black" target="_blank" rel="nofollow ugc noopener" data-proxy-href="/proxy.php?link=https%3A%2F%2Fparks.canada.ca%2Fpn-np%2Fmb%2Fwapusk%2Fnature%2Ffaune-animals%2Fmammiferes-mammals%2Fours-bears%2Fnoir-black&amp;hash=999cdb928c12c1220f6533a808a5c6f9">Black bears</a></h3>
<div class="contentRow-snippet js-unfurl-desc">Black bears are the smallest of the three bear species found in Wapusk National Park.</div>
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<p> </p>
<div class="bbCodeBlock bbCodeBlock--unfurl    js-unfurl fauxBlockLink" data-unfurl="true" data-result-id="34845" data-url="https://resources.arctickingdom.com/the-polar-bears-of-wapusk-national-park" data-host="resources.arctickingdom.com" data-pending="false">
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<h3 class="contentRow-header js-unfurl-title"><a class="link link--external fauxBlockLink-blockLink" href="https://resources.arctickingdom.com/the-polar-bears-of-wapusk-national-park" target="_blank" rel="nofollow ugc noopener" data-proxy-href="/proxy.php?link=https%3A%2F%2Fresources.arctickingdom.com%2Fthe-polar-bears-of-wapusk-national-park&amp;hash=0b948b67072c34ef46bc70dc4f364b8a">The Polar Bears of Wapusk National Park - Arctic Kingdom</a></h3>
<div class="contentRow-snippet js-unfurl-desc">There is a magical place where newborn polar bears spend the spring playing in the snow and learning new tricks from their mother to live well in their northern home. A place where Arctic fox scavenge meals from wolves and polar bears and herds of caribou roam the open tundra. Wapusk National...</div>
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<p><br /><a class="link link--external" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/three-bear-species-northern-manitoba-1.4915700" target="_blank" rel="nofollow ugc noopener" data-proxy-href="/proxy.php?link=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fmanitoba%2Fthree-bear-species-northern-manitoba-1.4915700&amp;hash=ea3f404e6789016197328c24536d701f"><u>Something has definitely changed they say</u></a></p>]]></content:encoded>
						                            <category domain="https://www.amazians.com/forum/anglo/">4 Anglo Parliament</category>                        <dc:creator>Rick Cool</dc:creator>
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                        <title>US Congress: Ban all Chinese from Texas University</title>
                        <link>https://www.amazians.com/forum/anglo/us-congress-ban-all-chinese-from-texas-university/</link>
                        <pubDate>Thu, 13 Jan 2022 00:02:23 +0000</pubDate>
                        <description><![CDATA[60d352eaabf2039f223bc5aa4389da47 (705×479) (yimg.com)

“To do otherwise is an attempt to score cheap political points by targeting Chinese people, but real leaders know there is a huge dis...]]></description>
                        <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>https://twitter.com/ShelleyLuther/status/1480245083110793219</p>
<p>https://twitter.com/ShelleyLuther/status/1480245083110793219</p>
<p><a href="https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/kYPQpu30v1BCPODKpYzNXw--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTcwNTtoPTQ3OTtjZj13ZWJw/https://s.yimg.com/uu/api/res/1.2/QkfpMphE1tCu.aigEYPRkA--~B/aD01NDM7dz04MDA7YXBwaWQ9eXRhY2h5b24-/https://media.zenfs.com/en/nextshark_articles_509/60d352eaabf2039f223bc5aa4389da47">60d352eaabf2039f223bc5aa4389da47 (705×479) (yimg.com)</a></p>
1075
<p>https://twitter.com/ShelleyLuther/status/1478873818601082883</p>
<p class="">“To do otherwise is an attempt to score cheap political points by targeting Chinese people, but real leaders know there is a huge distinction between Chinese individuals and the Chinese Government,” Jetton, an Asian American himself, wrote. </p>
<p class="">He added that Luther does not “speak for Republicans or Texans like me.” </p>
<p class="">“I hope the people of HD 62 use their votes to show they don’t agree with your brand of fear-based pandering either,” Jetton wrote. </p>
<p class="">In spite of ongoing calls for solidarity against anti-Asian hate, Luther’s support for a discriminatory ban isn’t uncommon. A<span> </span><a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2021/03/04/most-americans-support-tough-stance-toward-china-on-human-rights-economic-issues/">Pew Research Center</a><span> </span>poll found 55 percent of respondents say they support limiting the number of Chinese students studying in the U.S. </p>
<p class="">An<span> </span><a href="https://stopaapihate.org/stop-aapi-hate-national-report-2/">August report</a><span> </span>released by Stop AAPI Hate, a hate incident reporting forum, showed that anti-Chinese views were commonly reflected in bias incidents. In more than 48 percent of all hate incidents collected from March 19, 2020, to June 30, 2021, anti-China and/or anti-immigrant rhetoric was included in at least one hateful statement. </p>
<p class="">Citing the highly supported “anti-China bill,” which pours investment into scientific research and technological innovation in an effort to dominate the race in tech advancements, Stop AAPI Hate co-founder<span> </span><a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/anti-asian-bias-incident-reports-have-continued-surge-new-research-n1276717">Russell Jeung</a><span> </span>previously said that there continues to be “political rhetoric and policies that are strongly anti-China.”</p>
<p class="">Wu, who tweeted a<span> </span><a href="https://twitter.com/GeneforTexas/status/1480626895511302146">thread</a><span> </span>Monday, featuring the achievements of Chinese Americans from renowned cellist Yo-Yo Ma to Olympian Michelle Kwan, encouraged people to embrace immigrants and the exchange of American scholarship. </p>
<p class="endmark">“America is a better place because young people can come here and study,” he said. “The entire world is better when America educates their young.”</p>]]></content:encoded>
						                            <category domain="https://www.amazians.com/forum/anglo/">4 Anglo Parliament</category>                        <dc:creator>ZeXsY(PMP23)</dc:creator>
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                        <title>UK to strip citizenship without notification</title>
                        <link>https://www.amazians.com/forum/anglo/uk-to-strip-citizenship-without-notification/</link>
                        <pubDate>Mon, 06 Dec 2021 19:29:07 +0000</pubDate>
                        <description><![CDATA[The British government is escalating its assault on democratic rights, quietly introducing new amendments into its authoritarian Nationality and Borders Bill as it passes through report stag...]]></description>
                        <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The British government is escalating its assault on democratic rights, quietly introducing new amendments into its authoritarian Nationality and Borders Bill as it passes through report stage.</p>
<p>The latest update, noted in the UK’s media only by the<span> </span><em>Guardian</em>, would further strengthen the state’s ability to revoke citizenship, without even needing to give notice of their actions. The new provision could be applied retrospectively to people deprived of citizenship before it became law.</p>
<p>The 111-page Bill is at committee stage ahead of its third reading in the House of Commons. It is due to receive royal assent in the spring and become law.</p>
<figure>
<div class="relative overflow-hidden "><img class="db relative center" src="https://www.wsws.org/asset/1dacde4f-82d4-4c07-bd32-ce2d01f2ba9e?rendition=image1280" /></div>
<figcaption class="db avenir f7 f6-m lh-title black-60 tc pt3 ph3">Home Secretary Priti Patel (left) and Prime Minster Boris Johnson (Credit: Hannah McKay Pool via AP)</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>The power to strip citizenship has been steadily extended over the last two decades. Although provision existed in law prior to the Labour government’s Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002, in practice no deprivation powers were used between 1973 and 2002. Before 2002, the law only allowed deprivation of citizenship from naturalised citizens, not citizens by birth.</p>
<p>Tony Blair’s 1997-2007 Labour government extended the power to all British citizens, including birth citizens, in cases deemed “prejudicial” to national interests.</p>
<p>Since then, successive governments have further relaxed the legal constraints and broadened the range of justifications. Labour led the way. A 2006 amendment authorised deprivation of citizenship if it was “conducive to the public good.”</p>
<p>This has formed the basis for attacks on rights over the last decade, with successive Tory administrations linking the provision ever more closely to immigration. For the first time, the 2014 Immigration Act allowed for citizenship deprivation even where it might cause statelessness.</p>
<p>It set three conditions if statelessness might result: it only covered naturalised citizens; it applied to “seriously prejudicial” conduct; and the Secretary of State should have “reasonable grounds” for thinking the person can acquire citizenship elsewhere.</p>
<p>The number of deprivations of citizenship has risen drastically as a result. A Freedom of Information (FoI) request revealed that 81 deprivation orders were issued between 2011 and 2015. There were 14 in 2016, followed by 104 in 2017.</p>
<aside data-track-content="true" data-content-name="33% of article" data-content-piece="/en/articles/2021/11/19/nabb-n19.html"></aside>
<p>The government has already signalled its intentions. In 2019, then Home Secretary Sajid Javid revoked the citizenship of<span> </span><a href="https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2019/02/28/begu-f28.html">Shamima Begum,</a><span> </span>who had left Britain in 2015 as a 15-year-old schoolgirl to join, after being groomed online, the Islamic State (IS) group in Syria. Rendering her effectively stateless was justified on the grounds that she would be entitled to Bangladeshi citizenship.</p>
<p>The Bangladeshi government rejected this, as she had never visited the country, had no Bangladeshi passport, and had never applied for one. They said if Begum had been involved with IS in Pakistan she would face the death penalty: “If anyone is found to be involved with terrorism,” said<span> </span><a href="https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2019/05/08/sham-m08.htm">Abdul Momen</a>, Bangladeshi Minister for Foreign Affairs, “We have a simple rule. There will be capital punishment. And nothing else.”</p>
<p>Her case was used to generate a xenophobic and anti-Muslim storm and was a test case for further attacks. Israeli journalists have noted that all Jews, who are entitled to Israeli citizenship if they emigrate, could easily be deprived of British citizenship under the terms of the amendment.</p>
<p>Clause 9 of the current Bill, which was added without any discussion earlier this month, extends the provision, allowing the government to evade “Notice of a decision to deprive a person of citizenship” if that is not “reasonably practicable.” It also exempts the government from responsibility for notifying the person if this is deemed in the interests of national security, diplomatic relations or otherwise in the public interest.</p>
<p>This discretionary approach would augment the Home Secretary’s draconian powers. It was presaged by a 2018 provision allowing the government to “notify” someone simply by placing a copy of the order on their file if their whereabouts were unknown.</p>
<p>Now the requirement for notification has been eliminated altogether in cases where the home secretary deems it necessary. From the wording in the Bill, it seems this provision can also be applied retrospectively if an individual was not notified before the clause became law, which casts doubt on the possibility of appealing the decision.</p>
<p>May Foa, director of human rights organisation Reprieve, said the new clause would give Home Secretary Priti Patel “unprecedented power to remove your citizenship in secret, without even having to tell you, and effectively deny you an appeal. Under this regime, a person accused of speeding would be afforded more rights than someone at risk of being deprived of their British nationality. This once again shows how little regard this government has for the rule of law.”</p>
<p>Emily Ramsden of advocacy group Rights and Security International told<span> </span><em>Middle East Eye</em>, “Allowing the government to strip people of citizenship without even telling them would deepen the already Kafkaesque struggle of people deprived of citizenship—most of whom are likely from migrant communities—to protect their rights against abuses of power that are allowed to go unchecked by independent judges.”</p>
<p>It is a deliberate removal of those rights. The Nazis stripped Jews and political opponents of their regime of their citizenship to deprive them of their basic legal and democratic rights. In the post-war period, there has been a consensus view of citizenship, cited by Ramsden, as “the right to have rights.”</p>
<aside data-track-content="true" data-content-name="66% of article" data-content-piece="/en/articles/2021/11/19/nabb-n19.html"></aside>
<p>Johnson’s government explicitly rejects this. In a typically underhanded statement, a Home Office official described British citizenship as “a privilege, not a right.” The Home Office justified amending the law “so citizenship can be deprived where it is not practicable to give notice, for example if there is no way of communicating with the person,” although this repressive condition already exists in law.</p>
<p>The government denies the Bill extends its scope to deprive citizenship, but the amendment is part of a raft of measures that tear up international legal obligations. The Bill is draft legislation of an autocratic despotism. A team of leading immigration lawyers have called it the “biggest legal assault on international refugee law ever seen in the UK,” breaching international and domestic law in at least 10 ways.</p>
<p>Patel has seized on last weekend’s terrorist bombing in a carpark at Liverpool hospital to attack both the asylum system and any rule of law based on democratic rights. The bombing, she said, reflected “how dysfunctional” the asylum system is, and how “we need to change” a “professional legal services industry  has based itself on rights of appeal, going to the courts day in, day out at the expense of the taxpayers through legal aid.”</p>
<p>The attack by the Home Office on lawyers emphasises there is to be no legal recourse for anyone. The Bill would criminalise anyone arriving in the UK by “irregular means” and “illegal routes.”</p>
<p>This is already in violation of the UN Refugee Convention and the European Convention of Human Rights. The Bill further criminalises anyone who seeks to save the lives of those in trouble during such perilous journeys. Its fascistic “<span> </span><a href="https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2021/10/23/bofo-o23.html">pushback</a><span> </span>” policy will grant immunity to Border Force staff if migrants die in the English Channel in the process of its enforcement. In breach of all maritime laws, the provision demonstrates the government’s determination to make deliberate acts of murder official policy.</p>
<p>The Home Office is seeking to impose even more sweeping attacks on the right to asylum, as part of its declared “hostile environment” against refugees. The immediate deportation of detained migrants to a processing centre in Albania is being proposed, according to plans leaked to the<span> </span><em>Times</em><span> </span>on Thursday. This emulates the Australian government’s so-called “<span> </span><a href="https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2021/08/30/tamp-a30.html">Pacific solution</a><span> </span>” —cruel, indefinite detention in remote locations. The Times reported, “Albanian ministers played down the report of an agreement today, although<span> </span><em>The Times</em><span> </span>understands that the talks are continuing. Edi Rama, the Albanian prime minister…”</p>
<p>“Offshore processing” is significantly more expensive even than detention in Britain but is part of attempts to tear up legal obligations. Detaining migrants at centres against their will would breach international law. The newspaper said that “Plans to fly illegal Channel arrivals out of the UK within seven days would cost £100,000 per asylum seeker.”</p>
<p>None of the bourgeois parties, including Labour, have any differences with the draconian plans being rushed through by the Homes Office.</p>
<p>Any criticism they can muster, as with a few dissenting Tory MPs such as David Davis, is centred on the measures being “unworkable.” Speaking to the<span> </span><em>Independent</em><span> </span>this week, Labour’s former Home Secretary, Lord David Blunkett (who served as home secretary between 2001 and 2004 under Tony Blair) said that Patel was “making it up as she goes along”. He declared, “All these ideas  were explored 20 years ago , and none of them added up to either a practical or coherent plan; no adherence to international conventions.”</p>
<p>https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2021/11/19/nabb-n19.html</p>]]></content:encoded>
						                            <category domain="https://www.amazians.com/forum/anglo/">4 Anglo Parliament</category>                        <dc:creator>ZeXsY(PMP23)</dc:creator>
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                        <title>Americans of European ancestry are only 41% of the U.S. population</title>
                        <link>https://www.amazians.com/forum/anglo/americans-of-european-ancestry-are-only-41-of-the-u-s-population/</link>
                        <pubDate>Thu, 02 Sep 2021 01:22:36 +0000</pubDate>
                        <description><![CDATA[Regions and Countries of Origin
In 2016, Eastern European immigrants accounted for the largest share of all Europeans in the United States, at 44 percent (see Table 1). Northern and Western...]]></description>
                        <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Regions and Countries of Origin</strong></p>
<p>In 2016, Eastern European immigrants accounted for the largest share of all Europeans in the United States, at 44 percent (see Table 1). Northern and Western Europeans made up about 20 percent each. The top five origin countries were the United Kingdom, Germany, Poland, Russia, and Ukraine.</p>
<div class="source-box-figure">
<p class="source-box-title"><strong>Table 1. European Immigrants by Region and Top Countries of Origin, 2016</strong></p>
<p><img src="https://www.migrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/source_images/SPT-Europeans2018-T1.png" alt="" width="536" height="616" /></p>
<p class="source-box-sources"><em>Source:</em><span> </span>Migration Policy Institute (MPI) tabulation of data from the U.S. Census Bureau 2016 ACS.</p>
</div>
<p>Between 1990 and 2010, the number of Eastern European immigrants increased significantly due to the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union, and Yugoslavia (see Figure 2). Over the same period, the population of Europeans from other parts of the continent continued to decrease.</p>
<div class="source-box-figure">
<p class="source-box-title"><strong>Figure 2. European Immigrants in the United States, by Region of Birth, 1960–2016</strong></p>
<p><img src="https://www.migrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/resize/source_images/SPT-Europeans2018-F2-trans-750x366.png" alt="" width="750" height="366" /></p>
<p class="source-box-sources"><em>Note</em>: The increase in Eastern European immigration from 1990 to 2010 is particularly noteworthy, given that after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the U.S. Census Bureau reclassified some former Soviet Republics such as Armenia and Kazakhstan as part of Asia rather than Eastern Europe.<br /><em>Source</em>: Data from U.S. Census Bureau 2010 and 2016 American Community Surveys (ACS), and Campbell J. Gibson and Kay Jung, “Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign-born Population of the United States: 1850-2000” (Working Paper no. 81, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC, February 2006),<span> </span><strong><a href="https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0081/twps0081.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">available online</a></strong>.</p>
</div>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrants-countries-birth-over-time?width=1000&amp;height=850&amp;iframe=true" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Click here<span> </span></a></strong>for an interactive chart showing changes in the number of immigrants from Europe in the United States over time. Select individual European countries from the dropdown menu.</p>
<p><strong><a id="DistributionStateCities" name="DistributionStateCities"></a>Distribution by State and Key Cities</strong></p>
<p>In the 2012–16 period, 45 percent of immigrants from Europe lived in one of four states: New York (15 percent), California (14 percent), and Florida and Illinois (8 percent each). The top four counties by European population were Cook County in Illinois, Kings County in New York, Los Angeles County in California, and Queens County in New York. Together, these counties accounted for about 15 percent of Europeans in the United States.</p>
<div class="source-box-figure">
<p class="source-box-title"><strong>Figure 3. Top States of Residence for Europeans in the United States, 2012–16</strong></p>
<p><img src="https://www.migrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/resize/source_images/SPT-Europeans2018-F3.png-750x420.jpg" alt="" width="750" height="420" /></p>
<p class="source-box-sources"><em>Note:<span> </span></em>Pooled 2012–16 ACS data were used to get statistically valid estimates at the state level for smaller-population geographies. Not shown are the populations in Alaska and Hawaii, which are small in size; for details, visit the MPI Data Hub to view an interactive map showing geographic distribution of immigrants by state and county,<span> </span><strong><a href="https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/us-immigrant-population-state-and-county?width=850&amp;height=850&amp;iframe=true">available online</a></strong>.<br /><em>Source</em>: MPI tabulation of data from U.S. Census Bureau pooled 2012–16 ACS.</p>
</div>
<p>As of 2012–16, the U.S. cities with the largest number of Europeans were the greater New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles metropolitan areas, which together accounted for about 31 percent of Europeans in the United States (see Figure 4).</p>
<div class="source-box-figure">
<p class="source-box-title"><strong>Figure 4. Top Metropolitan Areas of Residence for Europeans in the United States, 2012–16</strong></p>
<p><img src="https://www.migrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/resize/source_images/SPT-Europeans2018-F4.png-750x406.jpg" alt="" width="750" height="406" /></p>
<p class="source-box-sources"><em>Note:<span> </span></em>Pooled 2012–16 ACS data were used to get statistically valid estimates at the metropolitan statistical-area level for smaller-population geographies. Not shown are the populations in Alaska and Hawaii, which are small in size.<br /><em>Source:</em><span> </span>MPI tabulation of data from U.S. Census Bureau pooled 2012–16 ACS.</p>
</div>
<div class="source-box-figure">
<p class="source-box-title"><strong>Table 2. Top Concentrations of Europeans by Metropolitan Area, 2012–16</strong></p>
<p><img src="https://www.migrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/source_images/SPT-Europeans2018-T2.png" alt="" width="771" height="413" /></p>
<p class="source-box-sources"><em>Source:<span> </span></em>MPI tabulation of data from the U.S. Census Bureau pooled 2012–16 ACS.</p>
</div>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/us-immigrant-population-metropolitan-area">Click here</a></strong><span> </span>for an interactive map that highlights the metropolitan areas with the highest concentrations of immigrants from individual countries and regions.</p>
<p>https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/european-immigrants-united-states-2016#Diaspora</p>]]></content:encoded>
						                            <category domain="https://www.amazians.com/forum/anglo/">4 Anglo Parliament</category>                        <dc:creator>ZeXsY(PMP23)</dc:creator>
                        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.amazians.com/forum/anglo/americans-of-european-ancestry-are-only-41-of-the-u-s-population/</guid>
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                        <title>US &amp; NATO abandonment of allies</title>
                        <link>https://www.amazians.com/forum/anglo/us-nato-abandonment-of-allies/</link>
                        <pubDate>Mon, 16 Aug 2021 00:12:56 +0000</pubDate>
                        <description><![CDATA[This is a reality check for everyone in the Indo Pacific who depends on the words of the Western leaders.]]></description>
                        <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>This is a reality check for everyone in the Indo Pacific who depends on the words of the Western leaders. </p>
<p>https://youtu.be/Y5yCbi4qcpk</p>
<p>https://youtu.be/R396kBuQmfY</p>]]></content:encoded>
						                            <category domain="https://www.amazians.com/forum/anglo/">4 Anglo Parliament</category>                        <dc:creator>Komodo Commander</dc:creator>
                        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.amazians.com/forum/anglo/us-nato-abandonment-of-allies/</guid>
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                        <title>how did Jesus become white?</title>
                        <link>https://www.amazians.com/forum/anglo/how-did-jesus-become-white/</link>
                        <pubDate>Mon, 02 Aug 2021 01:14:49 +0000</pubDate>
                        <description><![CDATA[No one knows exactly what Jesus looked like, and there are no known images of him from his lifetime. Art history professor Anna Swartwood House writes in The Conversation about the complicat...]]></description>
                        <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>No one knows exactly what Jesus looked like, and there are no known images of him from his lifetime. Art history professor Anna Swartwood House writes in The Conversation about <span>the complicated history of the images of Christ and how historically they have served many purposes.</span></em></p>
<p>The portrayal of Jesus as a white, European man has come under renewed scrutiny during this period of introspection over the legacy of racism in society.</p>
<p>As protesters called for the removal of Confederate statues in the U.S., activist<span> </span><a class="new-window" href="https://www.newsweek.com/white-jesus-statues-should-torn-down-black-lives-matters-leader-says-1512674" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>Shaun King</span></a><span> </span>went further, suggesting that murals and artwork depicting “white Jesus” should “come down.”</p>
<p>His concerns about the depiction of Christ and how it is used to uphold notions of<span> </span><a class="new-window" href="https://www.peterlang.com/view/title/66587" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>white supremacy</span></a><span> </span>are not isolated.<span> </span><a class="new-window" href="https://religionnews.com/2020/06/24/how-jesus-became-white-and-why-its-time-to-cancel-that/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>Prominent</span></a><span> </span><a class="new-window" href="https://www.ncronline.org/news/opinion/editorial-why-white-jesus-problem" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>scholars</span></a><span> </span>and the archbishop of Canterbury<span> </span><a class="new-window" href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/27/uk/justin-welby-jesus-scli-intl-gbr/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>have called to reconsider</span></a><span> </span>Jesus’ portrayal as a white man.</p>
<p>As a<span> </span><a class="new-window" href="https://sc.academia.edu/AnnaSwartwoodHouse" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>European Renaissance art historian</span></a>, I study the evolving image of Jesus Christ from A.D. 1350 to 1600. Some of the<span> </span><a class="new-window" href="https://www.uffizi.it/en/search?query%5Bmatching_text%5D=jesus+" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>best-known depictions of Christ</span></a>, from Leonardo da Vinci’s “Last Supper” to Michelangelo’s “Last Judgment” in the Sistine Chapel, were produced during this period.</p>
<aside class="callout mod-inline mod-media">
<div class="callout-img"><img src="https://sc.edu/uofsc/images/story_images/2020/07_conversation_white_jesus_v1.jpg" alt="Sallman’s ‘Head of Christ’" width="350" height="525" /></div>
<p class="sub-text">Sallman’s ‘Head of Christ’.</p>
</aside>
<p>But the all-time most-reproduced image of Jesus comes from another period. It is<span> </span><a class="new-window" href="https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300063424/icons-american-protestantism" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>Warner Sallman’s light-eyed, light-haired “Head of Christ” from 1940</span></a>. Sallman, a former commercial artist who created art for advertising campaigns, successfully marketed this picture worldwide.</p>
<p>Through Sallman’s partnerships with two Christian publishing companies, one Protestant and one Catholic, the Head of Christ came to be included on everything from prayer cards to stained glass, faux oil paintings, calendars, hymnals and night lights.</p>
<p>Sallman’s painting culminates a long tradition of white Europeans creating and disseminating pictures of Christ made in their own image.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2>In search of the holy face</h2>
<p>The historical Jesus likely had the brown eyes and skin of other<span> </span><a class="new-window" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35120965" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>first-century Jews from Galilee</span></a>, a region in biblical Israel. But no one knows exactly what Jesus looked like. There are no known images of Jesus from his lifetime, and while the Old Testament Kings Saul and David are explicitly called<span> </span><a class="new-window" href="https://biblehub.com/1_samuel/9-2.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>tall</span></a><span> </span>and<span> </span><a class="new-window" href="https://biblehub.com/1_samuel/16-12.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>handsome</span></a><span> </span>in the Bible, there is little indication of Jesus’ appearance in the Old or New Testaments.</p>
<p>Even these texts are contradictory: The Old Testament prophet Isaiah reads that the coming savior “<a class="new-window" href="https://biblehub.com/isaiah/53-2.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>had no beauty or majesty</span></a>,” while the Book of Psalms claims he was “<a class="new-window" href="https://biblehub.com/psalms/45-2.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>fairer than the children of men</span></a>,” the word “fair” referring to physical beauty.</p>
<p>The earliest images of Jesus Christ emerged in the first through third centuries A.D., amidst concerns about idolatry. They were less about capturing the actual appearance of Christ than about clarifying his role as a ruler or as a savior.</p>
<p>To clearly indicate these roles, early Christian artists often relied on syncretism, meaning they combined visual formats from other cultures.</p>
<p>Probably the most popular syncretic image is Christ as<span> </span><a class="new-window" href="https://biblehub.com/john/10-11.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>the Good Shepherd</span></a>, a beardless, youthful figure based on pagan representations of Orpheus, Hermes and Apollo.</p>
<p>In other common depictions, Christ wears the toga or other attributes of the emperor. The theologian<span> </span><a class="new-window" href="https://www.fordham.edu/info/23704/theology_faculty/6211/richard_viladesau" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>Richard Viladesau</span></a><span> </span>argues that the mature bearded Christ, with long hair in the “Syrian” style,<span> </span><a class="new-window" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/ebr.jesus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>combines characteristics</span></a><span> </span>of the Greek god Zeus and the Old Testament figure Samson, among others.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2>Christ as self-portraitist</h2>
<p>The first portraits of Christ, in the sense of authoritative likenesses, were believed to be self-portraits: the miraculous “image not made by human hands,” or acheiropoietos.</p>
<aside class="callout mod-inline mod-media">
<div class="callout-img"><img src="https://sc.edu/uofsc/images/story_images/2020/07_conversation_white_jesus_v3.jpg" alt="Acheiropoietos painting of Christ" width="350" height="526" /></div>
<p class="sub-text">Acheiropoietos.<span> </span><a class="new-window" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorod_School#/media/File:Christos_Acheiropoietos.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>Tretiakov Gallery, Moscow</span></a></p>
</aside>
<p>This belief originated in the seventh century A.D., based on a legend that Christ healed King Abgar of Edessa in modern-day Urfa, Turkey, through a miraculous image of his face, now known as the Mandylion.</p>
<p>A similar legend adopted by Western Christianity between the 11th and 14th centuries recounts how, before his death by crucifixion, Christ left an impression of his face on the veil of Saint Veronica, an image known as the volto santo, or “Holy Face.”</p>
<p>These two images, along with other similar relics, have formed the basis of iconic traditions about the “true image” of Christ.</p>
<p>From the perspective of art history, these artifacts reinforced an already standardized image of a bearded Christ with shoulder-length, dark hair.</p>
<p>In the Renaissance, European artists began to combine the icon and the portrait, making Christ in their own likeness. This happened for a variety of reasons, from identifying with the human suffering of Christ to commenting on one’s own creative power.</p>
<p>The 15th-century Sicilian painter Antonello da Messina, for example, painted small pictures of the suffering Christ formatted exactly like his<span> </span><a class="new-window" href="https://www.palazzomadamatorino.it/it/tag-opere/antonello-da-messina" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>portraits of regular people</span></a>, with the subject positioned between a fictive parapet and a plain black background and signed “Antonello da Messina painted me.”</p>
<p>The 16th-century German artist Albrecht Dürer blurred the line between the holy face and his own image in a famous self-portrait of 1500. In this, he posed frontally like an icon, with his beard and luxuriant shoulder-length hair recalling Christ’s. The “AD” monogram could stand equally for “Albrecht Dürer” or “Anno Domini” – “in the year of our Lord.”</p>
<p> </p>
<h2>In whose image?</h2>
<p>This phenomenon was not restricted to Europe: There are 16th- and 17th-century pictures of Jesus with, for example,<span> </span><a class="new-window" href="https://art.thewalters.org/detail/30807/triptych-with-mary-and-her-son-archangels-scenes-from-life-of-christ-and-saints" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>Ethiopian</span></a><span> </span>and<span> </span><a class="new-window" href="https://www.clevelandart.org/art/2013.312" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>Indian</span></a><span> </span>features.</p>
<p>In Europe, however, the image of a light-skinned European Christ began to influence other parts of the world through European trade and colonization.</p>
<aside class="callout mod-inline mod-media">
<div class="callout-img"><img src="https://sc.edu/uofsc/images/story_images/2020/07_conversation_white_jesus_v6.jpg" alt="painting adoration of the Magi by artist Andrea Mantegna" width="350" height="526" /></div>
<p class="sub-text">‘Adoration of the Magi.’ Artist Andrea Mantegna.<span> </span><a class="new-window" href="https://media.getty.edu/museum/images/web/enlarge/00090001.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>The J. Paul Getty Museum</span></a></p>
</aside>
<p>The Italian painter Andrea Mantegna’s “Adoration of the Magi” from A.D. 1505 features three distinct magi, who, according to one<span> </span><a class="new-window" href="https://hyperallergic.com/535881/the-story-of-the-black-king-among-the-magi/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>contemporary tradition</span></a>, came from Africa, the Middle East and Asia. They present expensive objects of porcelain, agate and brass that would have been prized imports from China and the Persian and Ottoman empires.</p>
<p>But Jesus’ light skin and blues eyes suggest that he is not Middle Eastern but European-born. And the faux-Hebrew script embroidered on Mary’s cuffs and hemline belie a complicated relationship to the Judaism of the Holy Family.</p>
<p>In Mantegna’s Italy,<span> </span><a class="new-window" href="https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674240933" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>anti-Semitic myths</span></a><span> </span>were already prevalent among the majority Christian population, with Jewish people often segregated to their own quarters of major cities.</p>
<p>Artists tried to distance Jesus and his parents from their Jewishness. Even seemingly small attributes like<span> </span><a class="new-window" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/650997" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>pierced ears</span></a><span> </span>– earrings were associated with Jewish women, their removal with a conversion to Christianity – could represent a transition toward the Christianity represented by Jesus.</p>
<p>Much later, anti-Semitic forces in Europe including the Nazis would attempt to divorce Jesus totally from his Judaism in favor of an<span> </span><a class="new-window" href="https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691148052/the-aryan-jesus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>Aryan stereotype</span></a>.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2>White Jesus abroad</h2>
<p>As Europeans colonized increasingly farther-flung lands, they brought a European Jesus with them. Jesuit missionaries established painting schools that taught new converts Christian art in a European mode.</p>
<p>A<span> </span><a class="new-window" href="http://explore-art.pem.org/object/asian-export-art/AE85752/detail" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>small altarpiece made in the school of Giovanni Niccolò</span></a>, the Italian Jesuit who founded the “Seminary of Painters” in Kumamoto, Japan, around 1590, combines a traditional Japanese gilt and mother-of-pearl shrine with a painting of a distinctly white, European Madonna and Child.</p>
<aside class="callout mod-inline mod-media">
<div class="callout-img"><img src="https://sc.edu/uofsc/images/story_images/2020/07_conversation_white_jesus_v7.jpg" alt="Nicolas Correa’s  painting The Mystic Betrothal of Saint Rose of Lima" width="350" height="525" /></div>
<p class="sub-text">Nicolas Correa’s ‘The Mystic Betrothal of Saint Rose of Lima.’<span> </span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nicol%C3%A1s_Correa_-_The_Mystic_Betrothal_of_Saint_Rose_of_Lima_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"><span>Museo Nacional de Arte</span></a></p>
</aside>
<p>In colonial Latin America – called “New Spain” by European colonists – images of a white Jesus reinforced a<span> </span><a class="new-window" href="https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300109719/casta-painting" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>caste system</span></a><span> </span>where white, Christian Europeans occupied the top tier, while those with darker skin from perceived intermixing with native populations ranked considerably lower.</p>
<p>Artist Nicolas Correa’s 1695 painting of Saint Rose of Lima, the first Catholic saint born in “New Spain,” shows her metaphorical marriage to a blond, light-skinned Christ.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2>Legacies of likeness</h2>
<p>Scholar<span> </span><a class="new-window" href="https://history.sdsu.edu/people/blum" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>Edward J. Blum</span></a><span> </span>and<span> </span><a class="new-window" href="http://www.paulharvey.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>Paul Harvey</span></a><span> </span>argue that in the centuries after European colonization of the Americas, the image of a white Christ associated him with the logic of empire and could be used to<span> </span><a class="new-window" href="https://uncpress.org/book/9781469618845/the-color-of-christ/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>justify the oppression of Native and African Americans</span></a>.</p>
<p>In a multiracial but unequal America, there was a disproportionate representation of a white Jesus in the media. It wasn’t only Warner Sallman’s Head of Christ that was depicted widely; a large proportion of<span> </span><a class="new-window" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/actors-who-played-jesus-christ/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>actors who have played Jesus on television and film</span></a><span> </span>have been white with blue eyes.</p>
<p>Pictures of Jesus historically have served many purposes, from symbolically presenting his power to depicting his actual likeness. But<span> </span><a class="new-window" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/10/arts/design/jesus-christ-image-easter.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>representation matters</span></a>, and viewers need to understand the complicated history of the images of Christ they consume.<span> </span></p>
<p> </p>
<p>https://sc.edu/uofsc/posts/2020/07/conversation_white_jesus.php#.YQdGxuhKguU<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/142130/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /></p>]]></content:encoded>
						                            <category domain="https://www.amazians.com/forum/anglo/">4 Anglo Parliament</category>                        <dc:creator>Bacano G</dc:creator>
                        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.amazians.com/forum/anglo/how-did-jesus-become-white/</guid>
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                        <title>Europe&#039;s family tree has a THIRD branch: Link in genetic connection between Modern Europeans and Native Americans found</title>
                        <link>https://www.amazians.com/forum/anglo/europes-family-tree-has-a-third-branch-link-in-genetic-connection-between-modern-europeans-and-native-americans-found/</link>
                        <pubDate>Tue, 27 Jul 2021 23:27:34 +0000</pubDate>
                        <description><![CDATA[Europeans share DNA with ancient hunters and Middle Eastern farmers
Study claims Europeans also share their genes with North Eurasians
This group gave their DNA to the people who travelled...]]></description>
                        <content:encoded><![CDATA[<ul class="mol-bullets-with-font">
<li class=""><span><strong>Europeans share DNA with ancient hunters and Middle Eastern farmers</strong></span></li>
<li class=""><span><strong>Study claims Europeans also share their genes with North Eurasians</strong></span></li>
<li class=""><span><strong>This </strong><strong>group gave their DNA to the people who travelled the Bering Strait</strong></span></li>
<li class=""><span><strong>Ancient Middle Eastern farmers and their European descendants can trace ancestry to a previously unknown lineage called the Basal Eurasians</strong></span></li>
</ul>
<p class="mol-para-with-font"><span>It has long been believed that modern Europeans descended from indigenous hunters and Middle Eastern farmers.</span></p>
<p class="mol-para-with-font"><span>But a new study suggests all Europeans today have DNA from a third mystery group: Ancient North Eurasians.</span></p>
<p class="mol-para-with-font"><span>This group appears to have contributed DNA to present-day Europeans, as well as to the people who travelled across the Bering Strait into the Americas more than 15,000 years ago.</span></p>
<p class="mol-para-with-font mol-style-bold"><span>Scroll down for video </span></p>
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<div class="image-wrap fff-pic"><img id="i-55de4c2b9ffa9974" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/09/17/1410971975533_wps_47_European_DNA_graphic_jpg.jpg" alt="Northern Europeans (stock image left) have more indigenous hunter DNA, while southern Europeans (right) have more DNA from the Middle East. However, all Europeans have DNA from a third mystery group, called the Northern Eurasians. This group also contributed DNA to those who travelled across the Bering Strait" width="634" height="565" />
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<p class="imageCaption">Northern Europeans (stock image left) have more indigenous hunter DNA, while southern Europeans (right) have more DNA from the Middle East. However, all Europeans have DNA from a third mystery group, called the Northern Eurasians. This group also contributed DNA to those who travelled across the Bering Strait</p>
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<p class="mol-para-with-font"><span>The study is based on analysis of ancient DNA which has shifted scientists' ideas of how groups of people migrated across the globe thousands of years ago.</span></p>
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<p class="mol-para-with-font"><span>'Prior to this paper, the models we had for European ancestry were two-way mixtures. We show that there are three groups,' said David Reich, professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School.</span></p>
<p class="mol-para-with-font"><span>'This also explains the recently discovered genetic connection between Europeans and Native Americans,' Professor Reich added. </span></p>
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<p class="mol-para-with-font"><span>'The same Ancient North Eurasian group contributed to both of them.'</span></p>
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<p class="imageCaption">This skull was unearthed from a lake bed in central Sweden near the town of Motala. It formed part of the analysis that linked Northern European to indigenous hunters as well as Ancient North Eurasians</p>
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<p class="mol-para-with-font"><span>By comparing nine ancient genomes to those of modern humans, researchers have shown that previously unrecognised groups contributed to the genetic mix in Europe. </span></p>
<p class="mol-para-with-font"><span>'There are at least three major, highly differentiated populations that have contributed substantial amounts of ancestry to almost everybody that has European ancestry today,' said Professor Reich.</span></p>
<p class="mol-para-with-font"><span>Northern Europeans have more indigenous hunter DNA, while southern Europeans have more DNA from the Middle East. All Europeans also have DNA from Northern Eurasians.</span></p>
<p class="mol-para-with-font"><span>The new group arrived in Europe sometime after the introduction of agriculture, which means the major movements of people into Europe was later than previously thought.</span></p>
<p class="mol-para-with-font"><span>'That was a crazy observation, but it's very strong statistically,' Professor Reich says.</span></p>
<p class="mol-para-with-font"><span>'We argued that this is because of the contribution of an ancient north Eurasian population some of whose members contributed to the peopling of the Americas more than 15,000 years ago, and others of which later migrated to Europe.'</span></p>
<p class="mol-para-with-font"><span>To confirm this theory, scientists collected genetic data from nine ancient skeletons and 203 present-day populations living all over the world.</span></p>
<p class="mol-para-with-font"><span>They then isolated human DNA and sequenced the complete genomes from the bones of a 7,000-year-old skeleton found in Germany, as well as eight skeletons of hunter-gatherers who lived in Luxembourg and Sweden approximately 8,000 years ago.</span></p>
<p class="mol-para-with-font"><span>They compared those genomes to those of the 2,345 people in their contemporary populations.</span></p>
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<div class="image-wrap fff-pic"><img id="i-fc4119acb25b7243" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/09/17/1410974873101_wps_64_National_News_and_Picture.jpg" alt="Pictured is Loschbour skull from Luxembourg. Scientists completed genomes from the bones of a 7,000-year old skeleton found in Germany and eight skeletons of hunter-gatherers who lived in Luxembourg and Sweden approximately 8,000 years ago" width="634" height="710" />
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<p class="imageCaption">Pictured is Loschbour skull from Luxembourg. Scientists completed genomes from the bones of a 7,000-year old skeleton found in Germany and eight skeletons of hunter-gatherers who lived in Luxembourg and Sweden approximately 8,000 years ago</p>
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<p class="mol-para-with-font"><span>'Figuring out how these populations are related is extremely hard,' Professor Reich said. </span></p>
<p class="mol-para-with-font"><span>'There's a lot that happened in Europe in the last 8,000 years, and this history acts like a veil, making it difficult to discern what happened at the beginning of this period.</span></p>
<p class="mol-para-with-font"><span>'We had to find statistics that were able to tell us what happened deep in the past without getting confused by 8,000 years of intervening history, when massive and important events occurred.'</span></p>
<p class="mol-para-with-font"><span>Professor Reich claimed they've found unambiguous evidence that people in Europe today have all three of these ancestries.</span></p>
<p class="mol-para-with-font"><span>This means every modern day European has DNA from early European farmers who brought agriculture to Europe, the indigenous hunter-gatherers who were in Europe prior to 8,000 years ago, and these ancient north Eurasians.</span></p>
<p class="mol-para-with-font"><span>When the study began, the ancient north Eurasian population was a 'ghost population' - identified based on genetic patterns without any ancient DNA.</span></p>
<p class="mol-para-with-font"><span>But last year, another group analysed DNA from two skeletons found in Siberia, one from 24,000 years ago and one from 17,000 years ago, and found that it shared genetic similarities with Europeans and North Americans.</span></p>
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<p class="imageCaption">Scientists collected genetic data from nine ancient skeletons and 203 present-day populations living all over the world. They then isolated human DNA and sequenced the complete genomes</p>
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<p class="mol-para-with-font"><span>Although DNA from ancient north Eurasians is present in nearly all modern Europeans, Professor Reich's team did not find it in their ancient hunter-gatherers or the ancient farmers.</span></p>
<p class="mol-para-with-font"><span>That means the north Eurasian line of ancestry was introduced into Europe after agriculture had been established, a scenario most archaeologists had thought unlikely.</span></p>
<p class="mol-para-with-font"><span>'We have this amazing observation that only two ancestries are represented among the first farmers, from about 7,000 to 5,000 years ago,' Professor Reich continued.</span></p>
<p class="mol-para-with-font"><span>'And then suddenly everybody today has ancient north Eurasian ancestry. So there must have been a later movement of this ancestry into Europe.'</span></p>
<p class="mol-para-with-font"><span>The time of the ancient north Eurasians' arrival remains to be determined, but Professor Reich said their later-than-expected movement into Europe might help explain the complex mix of languages that exists there today.</span></p>
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<p class="imageCaption">Pictured is an ancient skull found in Stuttgart. Genomes from this skull were compared to those of 2,345 people in their contemporary populations</p>
<p><a href="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2759684/Europe-s-family-tree-THIRD-branch-Link-genetic-connection-Modern-Europeans-Native-Americans.html">Genetic link found between Modern Europeans and Native Americans | Daily Mail Online</a></p>
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                        <title>Ancient DNA Links Native Americans With Europe</title>
                        <link>https://www.amazians.com/forum/anglo/ancient-dna-links-native-americans-with-europe/</link>
                        <pubDate>Tue, 06 Jul 2021 22:59:03 +0000</pubDate>
                        <description><![CDATA[SANTA FE—Where did the first Americans come from? Most researchers agree that Paleoamericans moved across the Bering Land Bridge from Asia sometime before 15,000 years ago, suggesting roots ...]]></description>
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<p id="p-4"><strong>SANTA FE</strong>—Where did the first Americans come from? Most researchers agree that Paleoamericans moved across the Bering Land Bridge from Asia sometime before 15,000 years ago, suggesting roots in East Asia. But just where the source populations arose has long been a mystery.</p>
<p id="p-5">Now comes a surprising twist, from the complete nuclear genome of a Siberian boy who died 24,000 years ago—the oldest complete genome of a modern human sequenced to date. His DNA shows close ties to those of today's Native Americans. Yet he apparently descended not from East Asians, but from people who had lived in Europe or western Asia. The finding suggests that about a third of the ancestry of today's Native Americans can be traced to "western Eurasia," with the other two-thirds coming from eastern Asia, according to a talk at a meeting<a id="xref-fn-1-1" class="xref-fn" href="https://science.sciencemag.org/content/342/6157/409.full#fn-1">*</a><span> </span>here by ancient DNA expert Eske Willerslev of the University of Copenhagen. It also implies that traces of European ancestry previously detected in modern Native Americans do not come solely from mixing with European colonists, as most scientists had assumed, but have much deeper roots.</p>
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<div class="fig-inline"><a class="fragment-images colorbox-load highwireFiguresMarkupProcessor-processed cboxElement" style="background-color: transparent;color: #37588a;text-decoration: none;font-weight: bold" title="Headed east.The Mal'ta boy was related to people who later migrated across Beringia to the Americas." href="https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/342/6157/409/F2.large.jpg?width=800&amp;height=600&amp;carousel=1" rel="gallery-fragment-images-316393327" data-figure-caption="&lt;div class=&quot;highwire-markup&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;caption-title&quot;&gt;Headed east.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;p id=&quot;p-6&quot; class=&quot;first-child&quot;&gt;The Mal'ta boy was related to people who later migrated across Beringia to the Americas.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;q class=&quot;attrib&quot; id=&quot;attrib-2&quot;&gt;CREDIT: G. GRULLÓN/&lt;em&gt;SCIENCE&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/q&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sb-div caption-clear&quot;/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="hw-responsive-img"><img class="fragment-image  lazyloaded" src="https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/342/6157/409/F2.medium.gif" aria-describedby="F2-caption" data-src="https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/342/6157/409/F2.medium.gif" /></span></a></div>
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<p id="p-7">"I'm still processing that Native Americans are one-third European," says geneticist Connie Mulligan of the University of Florida in Gainesville. "It's jaw-dropping." At the very least, says geneticist Dennis O'Rourke of the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, "this is going to stimulate a lot of discussions."</p>
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<div class="form-control">Researchers have been trying to parse the origins of the first Americans for decades. Most agree that people moved across Beringia, via a vast ice age land bridge (see <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6157/409/F2.expansion.html">map</a> p. 410), and began spreading through the Americas, reaching Chile by 14,500 years ago. But the origins of the source populations are not clear, and some archaeologists have even suggested that ancient Europeans crossing the Atlantic were part of the mix (<em>Science</em>, 16 March 2012, p. <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/335/6074/1289.full">1289</a>). Others have contended that early skeletons found in the Americas, such as the 9000-year-old Kennewick Man, show some European features (<em>Science</em>, 10 April 1998, p. <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/280/5361/190.full">190</a>). In his talk, Willerslev argued that the ancient genome "can actually explain a lot of these inconsistencies," by offering glimpses of prehistoric populations before more recent migrations and other demographic events blurred the picture.</div>
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<p id="p-9">The genome comes from the right upper arm bone of a boy aged about 4 years, who lived by Siberia's Belaya River. Those who buried him adorned his grave with flint tools, pendants, a bead necklace, and a sprinkling of ochre. In the 1920s, Russian archaeologists discovered the burial and other artifacts near a village called Mal'ta, which gave the celebrated site its name. Willerslev and co-author Kelly Graf of Texas A&amp;M University in College Station, traveled to the State Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia, where the boy's remains are housed, and took a bone sample.</p>
<p id="p-10">Willerslev reported that the team was able to sequence the boy's genome, and also to radiocarbon date the bone. The team then used a variety of statistical methods to compare the genome with that of living populations. They found that a portion of the boy's genome is shared only by today's Native Americans and no other groups, showing a close relationship. Yet the child's Y chromosome belongs to a genetic group called Y haplogroup R, and its mitochondrial DNA to a haplogroup U. Today, those haplogroups are found almost exclusively in people living in Europe and regions of Asia west of the Altai Mountains, which are near the borders of Russia, China, and Mongolia.</p>
<p id="p-11">One expected relationship was missing from the picture: The boy's genome showed no connection to modern East Asians. DNA studies of living people strongly suggest that East Asians—perhaps Siberians, Chinese, or Japanese—make up the major part of Native American ancestors. So how could the boy be related to living Native Americans, but not to East Asians? "This was kind of puzzling at first," Willerslev told the meeting. But there seemed little doubt that the finding was correct, he said, because nearly all Native Americans from North and South America were equally related to the Mal'ta child, indicating that he represented very deep Native American roots.</p>
<p id="p-12">The team proposes a relatively simple scenario: Before 24,000 years ago, the ancestors of Native Americans and the ancestors of today's East Asians split into distinct groups. The Mal'ta child represents a population of Native American ancestors who moved into Siberia, probably from Europe or west Asia. Then, sometime after the Mal'ta boy died, this population mixed with East Asians. The new, admixed population eventually made its way to the Americas. Exactly when and where the admixture happened is not clear, Willerslev said. But the deep roots in Europe or west Asia could help explain features of some Paleoamerican skeletons and of Native American DNA today. "The west Eurasian  signatures that we very often find in today's Native Americans don't all come from postcolonial admixture," Willerslev said in his talk. "Some of them are ancient."</p>
<p id="p-13">The talk sparked lively exchange, and not everyone was ready to buy the team's scenario, at least until they can read the full paper, which is in press at<span> </span><em>Nature</em>. "This is a lot to hang on one skeleton," Mulligan says. Willerslev said during the discussion that his group is now trying to sequence the genomes of skeletons "further west."</p>
<p id="p-14">The new findings are consistent with a report published in<span> </span><em>Genetics</em><span> </span>last year (and almost entirely ignored at the time) that used modern DNA to conclude that Native Americans have significant—and ancient—ties to Europeans. "Our group is very excited to see this," says Alexander Kim, who works with geneticist David Reich at Harvard Medical School in Boston and represented the group at the meeting. Reich's team found that populations they identified as Native American ancestors in Asia apparently also contributed genes to populations in northern Europe. Thus, both studies suggest a source population in Asia whose genes made their way east all the way to the Americas, and west, all the way to Europe.</p>
<p id="p-15">"Mal'ta might be a missing link, a representative of the Asian population that admixed both into Europeans and Native Americans," Reich says. If so, he adds, it shows "the value of ancient DNA in peeling back history and resolving mysteries that are difficult to solve using only present day samples."</p>
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<p id="p-16"><a class="rev-xref" href="https://science.sciencemag.org/content/342/6157/409.full#xref-fn-1-1">↵</a><span class="fn-label">*</span><span> </span>Paleoamerican Odyssey, Santa Fe, 16–20 October.</p>
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<p>https://science.sciencemag.org/content/342/6157/409.full</p>
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