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Archaeology [Sticky] Archaeology by Prau123

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This phenomenon only happens in Hawaii . . . and Cuba & Nigeria & Indonesia & Peru & Sudan & Laos &…

 

 

(Sub-solar Point or Lahaina Noon)

 

When our sun is directly overhead, the objects on Earth does not cast shadows. 

 

 Hawaii is the only place in the United States to experience the sun's direct rays, also known as subsolar point, 

 

 

 

 

 

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(1) This phenomenon only happens in Hawaii . . . and Cuba & Nigeria & Indonesia & Peru & Sudan & Laos &… - YouTube

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 
 
At Chichen Itza, during the spring and fall equinoxes— this pyramid dedicated to Kukulcán (or Quetzalcoatl) serves as a visual symbol of the day and night. On every equinox, the sun of the late afternoon creates the illusion of a snake creeping slowly down the northern staircase.
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 
Between March 20th and 21st the Chichén Itzá spring equinox, will take place, which is a light and shadows show that attracts thousands of visitors from all over the world. At the time the sun begins its way towards the horizon, several shadows start to appear on one of the faces at the main pyramid at Chichén Itzá.

 

 

 

 

 

 

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The Spring Equinox at Chichen Itza

 

 

 

 

 

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(1) The Spring Equinox at Chichen Itza - YouTube

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Sixth Monoliths, Ollantaytambo

 

 

 

 

The Sub-solar point or Lahaina Noon effect also occurs in Mexico and in Peru as mentioned in videos.  If a tourist does arrive on those dates in Chichen-Itza, Mexico and at the Wall of the sixth Monoliths in Ollantaytambo, Peru then they may not see any shadows including the snake shadow.

 

 

 

 

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What Was Life Really Like In America Before Columbus? | 1491 | Chronicle

 

 

 

 

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(1) What Was Life Really Like In America Before Columbus? | 1491 | Chronicle - YouTube

 

 

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Rare Inca Tunic Unearthed in Chile

 
 

Thursday, February 16, 2023

 

 

Chile Inca Tunic

(Correa-Lau et al. 2023, PLOS ONE)

 

WASHINGTON, D.C.—A tunic, or unku, once worn by an Inca man has been recovered from a grave in northern Chile, according to a statement released by George Washington University. Unkus were made according to specifications imposed by imperial authorities, said team member Jeffrey Splitstoser of George Washington University. This unku, however, also has features unique to the provincial region where it was found, hundreds of miles south of Cusco, the Inca capital. “It represents a study of a rare example of an excavated Inca unku tunic, whose context and technical features are providing an unprecedented understanding of imperial Inca influence in the provinces,” Splitstoser explained. Read the original scholarly article about this research in PLOS ONE. To read about knotted-string devices that the Inca used to keep records, go to "Reading an Inca Archive."

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Article

 

 

Rare Inca Tunic Unearthed in Chile - Archaeology Magazine

 

 

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I wonder perhaps why Platinum was not included in the list of 7 metals during ancient times as well as during the Age of Alchemy which ended in the mid 1700's. This rare, expensive metal was being used in the Old World and New World during those times.  

 

Should Platinum be included among the known metals during those times? Maybe some of the Scientist, Archaeologist, Treasure Hunters, Engineers, and People in general were aware of this precious metal however it was rarely mentioned and recorded throughout history compared to other metals. 

 

 

 

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Until the 14th century AD, (Western) humankind only distinguished seven metals, known as the "seven metals of antiquity": Gold, Silver, Copper, Iron, Tin, Lead and Mercury.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 
The Ancients and the Alchemists (BCE-1734)
  • BCE: copper, lead, silver, gold, iron, carbon, tin, sulfur, mercury, zinc.

  • CE to 1734: arsenic, antimony, phosphorus, bismuth.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5. Platinum Group Metals or PGMs are some of the rarest metals found on earth. There are two subgroups of PGMs: Palladium Group-Platinum Group Elements (PPGEs) and Iridium Group-Platinum Group Elements (IPGEs). The first group consists of platinum, palladium, and rhodium. The second consists of iridium, osmium, and ruthenium. No PGMs tarnish and they are highly resistant to heat and chemical attack. They are all excellent conductors of electricity.

 

 

The six platinum-group metals are rutheniumrhodiumpalladiumosmiumiridium, and platinum. They have similar physical and chemical properties, and tend to occur together in the same mineral deposits. However, they can be further subdivided into the iridium-group platinum-group elements (IPGEs: Os, Ir, Ru) and the palladium-group platinum-group elements (PPGEs: Rh, Pt, Pd) based on their behaviour in geological systems.

 

 

 

Platinum group metals(PGMs) in the periodic table
H   He
Li Be   B C N O F Ne
Na Mg   Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca   Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb Sr   Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Cs Ba * Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Fr Ra ** Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og  
 
    * La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb    
    ** Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No    
  Platinum group metals
  Other noble metals

 

 

 

Wikipedia

 

Platinum group - Wikipedia

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 
Myth Six: “Metal detectors cannot find platinum.”

This is wrong. Metal detectors can find platinum items that are buried underground or covered with sand. The thing is, people who use detectors don't find these items very often, because statistically speaking, they are rare.

 

 

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Metal, heavy metal and platinum group detection and quantification system

 

 

 

(1) Metal, heavy metal and platinum group detection and quantification system - YouTube

 

 

 

 

Zimmer and Peacock have developed a system to detect, metals, heavy metals and platinum group metals in liquid samples.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

World’s Top 10 Most Precious Metals


You may have an idea why your aunt keeps her gold locked in a safe and why your grandparents like to lock up the silverware. Gold and silver are, at the end of the day, precious metals, meaning they’re rare and highly valuable.

But what about other metals? What other rare elements can be mined from the earth? Here are the top ten most precious metals on the planet.

1. Rhodium

Mostly mined from Russia, South Africa and Canada, Rhodium is highly prized for its high resistance to corrosion and heat. With its silvery coat, it is used for its reflective surfaces in search lights, mirrors and jewellery finish, giving everything it touches a lovely shine.

2. Platinum

This highly malleable metal is incredibly resistant to corrosion and sought after for its metallic shine and lustrous look. Mostly used for jewellery, platinum is also used for a lot of weapons, aeronautics and dentist equipment due to its high level of resistance. 

3. Gold

Thanks to its durability, flexibility and desirability, gold remains the most sought-after metal on earth despite not being the rarest. Its yellow shine and chemical properties make it a very useful element to use in a lot of machinery.

4. Ruthenium

One of platinum’s cousins, Ruthenium retains many of the metal group’s greatest properties and thanks to its ability to withstand outside elements, it is often used as a platinum alloy. It is most commonly used in electronics. 

5. Iridium

Another one of platinum’s cousins, Iridium has a white sheen and an absurdly high melting point. Found only in South Africa, it is one of the densest elements on earth and contributes to a lot of advancements in medicine, automobiles and electronics.

6. Osmium

Sharing many of the same qualities as Iridium, Osmium is a hard and brittle metal that also shares a high melting point and used mainly in platinum alloys. It is also very dense.

7. Palladium

Palladium is unique in its ability to absorb hydrogen, but it is also heat-resistant and very malleable. It’s also very stable and helps protect the environment when the automobile industry uses it to reduce emissions. It is also used among jewellers to craft so lovely-looking pieces of finery.

8. Rhenium

With the third highest melting point of any element, rhenium is another dense metal used for making turbine engines and added to nickel-based superalloys to increase heat resistance. It is used on filaments, electronic casings and often comes as by-product of copper mining. 

9. Silver

Surprisingly low on this list is silver, the metal with strong heat and electrical resistance as well as contact resistance. Silver is used in a lot of things. From coins, to cutlery, to circuitry, to batteries. It also can be used to stop the spread of bacteria on phones, prevent wood mould and even control odour in one’s shoes.

10. Indium

Finally, we reach Indium, the metal processed from zinc, copper and iron-ore mining. As well as turning white in colour, it is extremely shiny and malleable, making it very useful during the second world war when put to aircraft engines.

Think you’ve got some gold or any other rare metal to pawn? Check out what we lend against.  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Smelting Platinum

 

 

 

 

Video

 

 

(1) Smelting Platinum - YouTube

 

 

 

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Archaeologists discover 1200-year-old Wari temple complex in Peru

 

Archaeologists from the University of Illinois Chicago have uncovered a temple complex constructed by the Wari Empire 1,200 years ago at the Pakaytambo site in southern Peru (A.D. 600-1000).

The Wari were a Middle Horizon civilization that flourished in the south-central Andes and coastal area of modern-day Peru. The Wari people spoke their own language and created beautiful tapestries and weavings that have survived and can be seen in museums today.

The Wari, who had Huari as their capital, used their wealth of landscapes to build an empire with provincial capitals linked by an extensive road system. Their empire-preserving strategies and artistic style would have a significant impact on the subsequent Inca civilization.

This is one of several recent finds of Wari D-shaped temples across Peru, where Wari state expansion and influence previously were unclear. 

A Wari ritual complex with a D-shaped temple, patio-group architecture, several supporting buildings, and a massive platform construction has been discovered during excavations.

 

Drone photograph of the temple complex and monumental platform. Photo: David Reid 300w, 350w" data-src="https://arkeonews.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/temple-complex-min.jpeg" data-sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" />
Drone photograph of the temple complex and monumental platform. Photo: David Reid

 

As reported in the Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, the D-shaped temple was built on top of a large, monumental platform with adjoining structures that would have housed Wari religious officials and people linked to the Wari Empire.

“One of the most effective ways of bringing people into the empire was through shared beliefs and religious practices,” David Reid, UIC postdoctoral research associate in anthropology and the study’s author said. “Open plaza spaces associated with the temple complex at Pakaytambo would have allowed local communities to participate in ritual gatherings organized by the Wari.”

He also notes that such ceremonial events would have been critical in maintaining political authority across great distances of the Wari Empire.

“Temple complexes of premodern states served critical roles beyond that of a religious function. Both political and economic activities were often embedded within state-sponsored rituals, ceremonies, and events organized by temple institutions. Although we may not fully know how Pakaytambo was integrated within the broader Wari political economy, its geographic location and archaeological record provide some insight,” researchers write in their study published in the Journal of Anthropological Archaeology.

The research was financed with support from the Wenner-Gren Foundation and the National Science Foundation.

Cover Photo: Excavation of D-shaped temple. Top insert: plastered interior wall. Bottom insert: abandonment feature on structure floor. Photo: UIC

University of Illinois Chicago

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Archaeologists discover 1200-year-old Wari temple complex in Peru - Arkeonews

 

 

 

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