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@MrC; I'm sure the men in blue and green robe kneeling on the patio is Japanese because of his style but I'm not sure whether other people are Vietnamese or Japanese. Can you show me Japanese costumes during this period?
I'm suspecting the women in the painting above are Vietnamese since they dress in clothing similar to Vietnamese in the 17th and 18th century, they also let their hair down, matching description of Vietnamese women hairstyle in that period. But I remember that Japanese women also let their down in the past. Which period was that?
Did all Japanese men shave their heads? Can we say that the ones with shaved heads are Japanese and the men without shaved heads are Vietnamese?
@Nan;
This is from the same painting. There are more stereotypical Japanese-looking figures in this painting. Some of them even wear hats like Korean
The entire painting portrays the journey of the merchant Chaya Shinroku from Japan to Central Vietnam. The painting is very long. I don't know if this particular section is a scene at Japanese port or at Vietnamese port.