A constellation of cities. (Satellite images of the Philippines at night)

Whereas the Metropolitan clusters of the Philippines are very fragmented making trade and transportation more difficult.

In the meantime, Southeast Asia is very spread out when it comes to urban clusters...

Mainland Southeast Asia is mostly lit up but Insular Southeast Asia only has Java and Luzon island as lit-up areas. Borneo is completely dark. Things have to change if GDP spread is to become more equitable in Southeast Asia.