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Archaeology [Sticky] Archaeology by Prau123

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The Megalodon Cave was found on 2015 by Italian Guido Rossi and French Marcel Paul, together with Joni Bonifacio. This was named so when they also discovered what seemed like a huge fossilized tooth of a Megalodon, an extinct species of shark, inside the cave.

 

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Discover The Enchanting Caves of Samar

 

 

 

 

 

 

FOSSILIZE MEGALODON SHARK TOOTH INSIDE SAMAR CAVES

 

 

 

 

 

Guido Rossi, the geologist who discovered the largest cave in Philippines in 1987 which is perhaps the second largest cave in Asia, explained the megalodon shark tooth to Joni Bonifacio and several cave experts in a recent video.  This finding proved that certain areas of the cave was once underneath the seas and visited by even the largest sea creatures from 23 to 3.6 million years ago.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Marcel Paul (Left), Joni Bonifacio (Middle), Guido Rossi (Right)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Posted May 12, 2016

It's not that difficult to believe that the Philippines (or whatever form it had back then) was home to water monsters and land beasts millions of years ago. Just recently, a team composed of Italian, French and Filipino speleologists discovered a large and fossilized tooth inside the bowels of a cave in the province of Samar. [Speleology is the scientific study of caves, their structure, history, make-up, physical properties, the life forms they harbor, and the processes by which they form and change over the passage of time.]

The speleologists - namely Guido Rossi, Marcel Paul, and Joni A. Bonifacio - discovered the tooth sticking out of the limestone wall of the Taguloulou Cave in the town of San Jorge in Samar. The fossilized tooth is believed to belong to a Megalodon, an extinct species of shark that roamed the Earth's oceans around 15.9 to 2.6 million years ago.

In a video posted on YouTube by Bonifacio, the speleologists can be seen scrutinizing the tooth which is embedded deep into the cave wall. Only about 1/4 of the tooth is visible because most of it is covered in limestone. It's yet to be 100% verified if the tooth is indeed belonging to a Megalodon. However, the features that can be seen from the exposed portion of the tooth points to it being a Megalodon tooth. The serrations on the sides of the tooth, its large size, and its triangular shape are features of a Megalodon tooth.

The Megalodon shark lived and thrived during the Cenozoic Era. Based on fossil remains, the Megalodon is believed to be able to reach lengths of up to 18 meters. However, some scientists hypothesize that the sharks can grow up to 30 meters.

The Megalodon's teeth are the largest in any known shark species. They can reach lengths of over 180 millimeters or 7.1 inches. The sides of the teeth are serrated which greatly improved the efficiency of the sharks in slicking the flesh of their prey. Studies show that the Megalodon was a super-predator which means it preyed on a lot of marine animals including other sharks.

As to why the Megalodon went extinct, scientists are not sure but they put out four possible reasons. One, the oceans cooled. Two, the sea levels dropped. Three, there was decline in their food supply. And four, new competition arrived.

The Megalodon is also often referred to as the megatooth shark, monster shark, or giant white shark. It has been the subject of several books, movies, and documentaries by National Geographic and the Discovery Channel.

 

megalodon-tooth-samar.png

A foreign speleologist scrutinizes the Megalodon tooth found inside a cave in Samar province. Image credit: Joni A. Bonifacio
 
megalodon-skeleton.jpgA reconstructed jaw of a Megalodon shark being displayed at the National Aquarium in Baltimore, USA. Image credit: Wikimedia Commons

 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Giant Tooth Of A Prehistoric Megalodon Shark Found Inside A Cave In Samar, Philippines - Fossil News - The Fossil Forum

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Megalodon Shark teeth (Right) vs Great White Shark teeth

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PH ‘longest cave’ discovered in Samar

 

PH ‘longest cave’ discovered in Samar

By Ven Labro

CATBALOGAN CITY, Philippines, May 3, 2017 — Exactly thirty years after a group of Italian cavers found in the province of Samar the country’s largest cave, another group of foreign cavers discovered this April the “longest cave” in the Philippines.

The Sulpan cave system in the mountain town of Matuguinao in Samar province, according to the cavers, is now the new record holder as the country’s longest cave after it surpassed by about a hundred meters the cave in Palawan that was the previous record holder (32 kilometers long) while the cave in Samar is 32.100 kilometers, Matteo Rivadossi, team leader of the 2017 Samar international caving and cave diving expedition, claimed.

‘CRAWLING AND DIVING’

Rivadossi said the cavers had a hard time exploring the Sulpan cave system, particularly during the last leg of their expansion expedition. “This is incredible. We have surveyed many, many little passages — crawling and diving, So, (it was) not easy,” he said in an interview with this writer on April 30, the day before their group left Catbalogan for Manila where they will took a flight back to Italy and Slovenia.

Rivadossi said the new record holder as the longest cave in the Philippines is composed of Sulpan Cave, which was connected to the Sulpan Barruz system in 2011, in Barangay (village) Barruz and the Sulpan Male-ho Cave, located near the nearby upstream village of Camonoan. “So, now the system is e-ho and Sulpan Cave and Sulpan Barruz,” he said. He disclosed that another cave, the Tres Marias Cave, is connected to the system, and that their last discovery was Libon Cave, “an enchanted place, a lake” that is a window into an underground river.

Aside from Italian caver Rivadossi (team leader), the other members of this year’s international expedition 2017 in Matuguinao were Italian cavers Guido Rossi (geologist), Antonio Cortina (geologist), Davide Merigo, Stefano Panizzon and Maurizio Reboldi; Slovenian cavers Simon Burja (diver), Matjaz Bozic, Katarina Seme and Marjan Vilhar; and Samar caver Joni Bonifacio (local guide) of the Philippines.

The 2017 Samar caving and cave diving expedition was organized by Odissea Naturavventura in partnership with Gruppo Grotte Brescia “Corrado Allegretti” of Italy.
The cavers’ group also expressed thanks to CAMP, Montura, Alp Design, Amphibious, Alpstation. Brescia, Universat Italia, Roditor National, Adriano Cordini and Lorenzo Caramazza for their support to the caving expedition.

THE SULPAN BARRUZ CAVE SYSTEM

In 1995, a team of French cavers discovered the Sulpan Barruz System that is located in Barangay Barruz of Matuguinao, Samar. The cavers were then able to explore about 40 meters of the cave before they encountered a sump, or a submerged cave passage.

But in 2011, a group of French and Italian spelunkers together with some cave divers, was able to connect through cave diving the Sulpan Barruz System to nearby Sulpan Cave, located also in Barangay Barruz that they also discovered that same year.

The Italian cavers returned to Samar the following year and during their 2012 expedition, they were able to fully explore Sulpan Cave’s dry section. The total length of the dry section of the Sulpan Barruz Cave system was then about 11.2 kilometers.

In 2015, they came back again but their divers failed to connect the already survered portion of the Sulpan Barruz Cave System to nearby Sulpan Male-ho Cave, which the French cavers first explored in 1995, and was explored and surveyed by Italian and French cavers during cave expeditions in 2011, 2012 and 2015.

LARGEST CAVE IN PH

Guido Rossi, a geologist-caver, said they found new passages in their cave exploration in Matuguinao as well as “very wide galleries and nice formations with beautiful (underground) river passages.”

Rossi, a native of Verano in Italy, has been exploring caves in the Philippines for years now. He first joined a cave exploration in the Sagada area two years prior to coming to Samar in April of 1987 as one of the Italian speleologists who first surveyed and discovered the Langun-Gobingob Cave in Calbiga, Samar – the country’s largest cave.

The team of Italian cavers was the first to explore, survey and map the Calbiga cave system in 1987. The cave system covers an area of 2,968 hectares and is the largest karst in the country and said to be the second largest in East Asia.

It has 12 caves, including Gobingob, Langun and Bitong Mahangin that boast of giant columns, stalactites and stalagmites as well as unique rock formations, underground water courses and springs.

Langun, the main cave, has a chamber that is 270 meters long and 160 meters wide at its largest area, according to the speleologists. This means that a football field could easily fit into the area.

On the other hand, the Gobingob Cave has a huge hall with beautiful stalagmite, stalactite and flewstone formations.

As a protected area, the Calbiga caves complex houses rare species like blind crabs and the 7-centimeter hypogean blind fish. The cave system also has a “truly exceptional hydrogeological karst,” swallowing more than 20 watercourses.

Later expeditions further lengthened the cave system with the help of cave divers. For instance, they discovered the 6-kilometer Camparina-Ludi Bito-Burabot Cave that has many branches, and the Lurodpon Cave, a submerged cave passage.

FRENCH SPELUNKERS ALSO IN SAMAR

Meanwhile, a five-man French caving team was also on Samar Island this April for an expansion exploration of a cave in the town of San Julian in Eastern Samar

Marcel Paul, leader of the French caving team that included his wife Catherine, said that they have again explored this April the Maoyog Cave, which he calls his “6-year-old baby.” The last time the Paul couple went caving in Samar was in 2015.

He said that this year they went to the mountain to find the connection “but we don’t know exactly where was the spring. So, we explored the forest and we found three…caves and one of them could be the spring of Maoyog.”

Paul added that they entered one of the caves for almost a kilometer and saw beautiful galleries until they reached a sump. “Maybe the next target is for a French-Italian Expedition because there is a big sump there (that cave divers could explore),” he said.

He, however, did not say exactly when he will be come back to Samar Island. “There are so many things to discover,” he said referring to the caves in Samar Island.

Paul also said the people in Samar are friendly and they also cried when we left the place.

Geologists Rossi and Cortina as well as team leader Rivadossi of the Matuguinao cave expedition shared Paul’s observation that aside from having beautiful caves, Samar also has people who are hospitable, helpful and friendly.

Dubbed as the caving capital of the Philippines, Samar has been attracting not only professional cavers but also foreign and local tourists who want to explore its many beautiful caves. (VEN LABRO/ Photos courtesy of Matteo Rivadossi, Joni Bonifacio and Gruppo Grotte Brescia “Corrado Allegretti”)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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PH ‘longest cave’ discovered in Samar – Trexplore the Adventures

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Philippines has more than 3,100 known caves, and the largest of them all stands in Samar: the majestic Langun-Gobingob Cave.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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In Samar sprawls the largest cave system in the Philippines | GMA News Online

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Wings of the Angels

 

 

 

EXPLORING THE MOST BEAUTIFUL CAVES IN THE PHILIPPINES LOBO CAVE - JIABONG, SAMAR, GUEST: SOLO SPANISH

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Please check out the Wings of the Angels and watch it glitter ( Scroll 5:10 to 6:00 in the video) 

 

 

There are two guests in this video, the first guest is an enthusiastic first timer to the Lobo cave, while the second guest is a legend ( Scroll to 25:15 )

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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There are more caves out there waiting to be discovered and who knows what fascinating treasures will be found.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Giant Crystals: A Secret Many Refuse to Believe

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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https://www.youtube.com/shorts/RebVjkFo3xA?feature=share

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The world's largest crystal cave

 

22 July 2022
 
As Mila Carretero, geologist and coordinator of the Pulpí Geode, explained, a geode is a cavity inside a rock that is covered with crystals (Image credit: Getty)
 
As Mila Carretero, geologist and coordinator of the Pulpí Geode, explained, a geode is a cavity inside a rock that is covered with crystals (Image credit: Getty)

An abandoned mine in Spain hides a sparkling treasure – the world's largest geode, a natural crystal phenomenon that has stunned scientists.

In abandoned silver mine in Pulpí, in Spain's south-eastern Almería Province, lies a treasure that's not made from any precious metal at all. Instead, what's hidden here is the world's largest geode – a natural crystal phenomenon that has stunned scientists.

As Mila Carretero, geologist and coordinator of the Pulpí Geode, explained, a geode is a cavity inside a rock that is covered with crystals. Sitting against a backdrop of oversized crystal spars, she broke open a tiny rock with tiny gems inside, to show a comparison. "It's the same as the one I have behind me, only this one is a super-sized version," she said with a laugh as she pointed over her shoulder.

The Pulpí Geode is eight metres wide, two metres high and two metres deep. "When it comes to a geode, by definition, this is the biggest ever discovery," she noted, adding that Pulpí is not to be confused with another crystal marvel, the Naica Mine in Mexico, which has larger spars (15m long compared to Pulpí's two metres), but which is a cave lined with crystals rather than a geode. 

The geode here in Spain was originally spotted by miners in the Mina Rica, a silver mine which operated from 1873 to 1969. But it wasn't until years later, in 1999, that geologists found it again and brought it to the world's attention.

"When [the original miners] blasted this rock and found a geode, they probably got upset because they didn't like finding these crystals," said Carretero. "It meant extra work to get rid of them. They weigh a lot and were not profitable."

Though scientists are still researching it, they believe the whole area was once underwater. At a certain point, volcanic activity fractured sedimentary rocks and filled them with hot fluids. When the fluids cooled, the crystals started forming.

 

 
 
5:52
Pulpí Geode: We take a tour inside the largest crystal 'cave' of its kind in the world.

 

Geologists have found that the anhydrite (the mineral that formed the rocks) in Pulpí is from the time of the dinosaurs about 250 million years ago, but they are uncertain of the age of the gypsum crystals themselves because they contain very little impurities that can be dated. Their estimate is that the crystals started growing less than 2 million years ago. "The slower the crystal grows, the larger its size. And the more perfect the crystal is," said Carretero.

The mine was opened to the public in 2019, after some rubble was cleared and safety measures, such as a 42m emergency staircase, were installed. In the process, workers found items left behind by the original miners, including cigarettes, jackets, rubber sandals, beer bottles and scratches on the wall tallying their daily quotas. 

More than 100,000 people have visited the geode so far, and Carretero's team is carefully monitoring temperature, carbon dioxide and humidity to ensure the crystals' safety. "More than the carbon dioxide [from human interaction], the humidity is what can really harm the crystals," she said. "Because if a layer [of moisture] coats the crystals, they tend to lose their transparency." 

Pulpí's crystals, however, remain remarkably transparent, and visitors and scientists alike continue to be awed by the natural phenomenon. "I couldn't put into words what I felt when I saw it," said Carretero. "It's indescribable because it gives us a sense of how small we are. Look at what nature has given us." 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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The world's largest crystal cave

 

 

 

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How Peru Figured Out How to Generate Electricity from Plants

 

 

 

 

Renewable Energy Sources

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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https://www.youtube.com/shorts/9Du3zgEUm2c?feature=share

 

 

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Aerogel The Lightest Solid Material 😲

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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https://www.youtube.com/shorts/0pufALXju3Y?feature=share

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Sky Isn’t Blue

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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https://www.youtube.com/shorts/2CVJYrQirTs?feature=share

 

 

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Does This Prove Ancient Seafaring Happened 40,000 Years Ago?!

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

A NEW groundbreaking archaeological research paper from April 2025 suggests ancient human seafaring may have occurred as far back as 40,000 years ago. Drawing from research published in the Journal of Archaeological Science by Fuentes and Pollock of the Ateneo de Manila University, this video explores early human migration, prehistoric cave art in Sulawesi, deep-sea fishing tools, stone flint artifacts with plant residue, and evidence of inter-island trade in ancient Indonesia. Could early hominins have built primitive boats using plant fibers, bamboo, and animal skin sails to cross the seas of Wallacea? Let's dive into their work and the compelling argument that's made!

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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