A Templar related symbol at the Caestert, which is almost identical to a symbol found in early 13th century documents from the Languedoc, France

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(PDF) Medieval symbolism Caestert Quarry.pdf · Academia

Three Incredible Places Built by Just One Man

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Rome’s Ancient Marble Map: Forma Urbis

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The Stone Structures of Ancient Peru

 

Ancashmarca, located in the Cusco region of Peru, is an archaeological site known for its unusual stone structures built into the mountainous landscape. The remains feature circular and irregular stone enclosures that raise questions about how ancient Andean communities organized their settlements and used the surrounding terrain. Who built these structures, how were they used, and what can their surviving stonework reveal about life in the ancient Andes?

 

 

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The 18 hexagonal mirror segments are actually made from beryllium, with gold simply vaporised on top. Beryllium was chosen because it has an immense stiffness-to-weight ratio, but getting those segments to hold their shape at Webb's operating temperature (-233°C) required a counterintuitive trick. When metals cool to cryogenic temperatures, internal structural stresses cause them to contract and warp unpredictably. If engineers had ground and polished those mirrors into a perfect optical curve at room temperature, the moment the telescope chilled down in deep space, the beryllium would have warped out of alignment. To solve this, technicians ground the beryllium segments, put them into a cryogenic vacuum chamber, chilled them to -240°C, and laser-mapped the exact microscopic distortions caused by the cold. They then brought the mirrors back to room temperature and deliberately polished an inverse error into the metal. At room temperature on Earth, the mirrors were technically distorted. Once they reached deep space and froze, the beryllium contracted into the exact optical curve required. Another neat fact: gold reflects infrared light exceptionally well. But on paper, if you look at raw reflectivity across visible and near-infrared spectrums, silver is actually the superior optical reflector, bouncing back around 99% of light. So why didn't NASA build a silver telescope? The problem is chemical stability. Silver reacts readily with trace atmospheric sulphur and oxygen, forming silver sulphide, the common black tarnish you see on silver jewellery. While Webb now sits 1.5 million kilometres away at the Second Lagrange Point (L2) in a hard vacuum, it spent years on Earth being built, tested, and stored. Even microscopic tarnishing on Earth would have degraded the mirrors before launch. Gold is chemically inert; it doesn’t oxidise, rust, or tarnish under atmospheric exposure. Additionally, while silver drops off in performance at specific infrared bands, gold maintains a consistent 98% to 99% reflectivity right across the mid-to-far infrared spectrum where Webb's scientific targets sit.

 

 

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