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Italian researcher claims to have located Plato’s burial place

 

Italian researcher claims to have located Plato’s burial place
Newsroom
 

23.04.2024 • 16:05

An Italian researcher believes he has identified the location of Plato’s burial place in Athens by analyzing papyri from Herculaneum.

 

According to the research, led by the Italian papyrologist Graziano Ranocchia of the University of Pisa, Plato is buried in a in a private area in a garden in the Academy, near a sacred shrine to the Muses.

The Herculaneum papyri are more than 1,800 papyrus scrolls discovered in the 18th century in the Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum, an ancient Roman town, located in the modern-day town of Ercolano, Campania, Italy. They were carbonized when the villa was engulfed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD.

The extremely delicate condition of the scrolls makes them extremely difficult to read.

 

The papyri were read using a bionic eye, which detected a thousand new words, which is 30% more than when they were last analyzed more than 30 years ago.

 
 

The location of Plato’s grave was contained in a history of the Academy by Philodemus of Gadara, an Epicurean philosopher and poet who lived in Herculaneum, said Ranocchia.

The scholar revealed the news at the Naples National Library, where he presented the mid-term results of the “Greek Schools” research project.

The research started three years ago and will be completed in 2026.

 

Plato’s Academy was destroyed by the Roman dictator Sulla in 86 BC. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Italian researcher claims to have located Plato’s burial place | eKathimerini.com

 

 

 

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The Basque Vessels of Red Bay

Red Bay National Historic Site

 

 

 


For more than 400 years, this Basque chalupa—North America’s oldest known whaling boat—lay silent beneath the frigid waters of Red Bay, Labrador.
© Parks Canada

Underwater archaeology and the Basque vessels of Red Bay’s waters

Every year from the 1540s to the early 1600s, as many as 2000 Basque men and boys would leave their families in southern France and northern Spain to voyage over 4000 kilometres across the North Atlantic Ocean. These whalers were in search of North Atlantic and Greenland Right whales. Their lucrative destination was the Strait of Belle Isle and Quebec’s Lower North Shore. About a thousand of these whalers headed for Red Bay alone.

It was the painstaking research of historical geographer, Dr. Selma Barkham that helped to bring this once silent chapter of our Canadian heritage to the surface. Her work initiated years of archaeological research at Red Bay, a whaling port known to the Basques as Butus. From 1977–1992, numerous digs took place: the terrestrial archaeology was carried out by experts from Memorial University of Newfoundland, and the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador; the underwater archaeology was conducted by Parks Canada.

Then head of Parks Canada’s marine archaeology section, Robert Grenier, and his team of divers tackled the freezing waters of Red Bay harbour in search of ship wrecks that Dr. Barkham’s research indicated were there. To their delight, they discovered what is believed to be the San Juan, a Basque galleon that sank in 1565.

Nestled beneath this great find was a smaller boat known as a chalupa. It was well protected and preserved by the icy waters and blanketing silt. This rowboat measuring eight metres long by two metres wide is one of the greatest achievements in marine technology. Its construction has inspired boat builders well into the 21st century.

The craft was designed to handle tough conditions like strong tides and high winds. It held a crew of seven—one steersman and six oarsmen, including harpooner—that pursued and killed whales that were three times the size of their vessel.

Reassembly of the aged artefact took place at Parks Canada’s conservation lab in Ottawa. There, the wood was cleaned and soaked for several years in a tank of water and dissolved polyethylene glycol. This waxy mixture replaced salt water in the wood, keeping it from disintegrating. The 153 pieces were then freeze-dried. Experts reconstructed the boat mimicking the work of Basque boat builders hundreds of years ago. At the end, they constructed a custom-built aluminium cradle to ensure the chalupa’s journey back to Red Bay. It arrived safely on 1 July 1998.

The collective body of knowledge gained from the years of research at Red Bay has dramatically changed the understanding of the beginning of large-scale and overseas whaling, as well as the knowledge of the early European history of North America, particularly the role that the Basque played in it. Further in recognition of the importance of the Red Bay site to the discipline of underwater archaeology, a drawing of the vessel believed to be the San Juan, found in Red Bay Harbour, was selected as the logo for the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Articles

 

 

Fact sheet: The Basque Vessels of Red Bay - Red Bay National Historic Site (canada.ca)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

image

 

 

 

Canada Resurrects a 16th-Century Basque Galleon - Archaeology Magazine

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Plato’s Exact Burial Place Revealed By Charred Papyrus Near Pompeii

The famous philosopher was laid to rest in the Academy in Athens.

 

author

BENJAMIN TAUB

 
 
author

 

 

 

 

Freelance Writer

 
 
by Laura Simmons

 
 
Laura Simmons - Editor and Staff Writer

 

 
blackened scroll fragments being photographed under visible lights; the fragments are laid on a light background with a camera suspended above and lights on them; in the background are bookshelves and a desk with a computer

The scroll also highlights Plato's scorn for an unaccomplished musician.

Image credit: D.P. Pavone (CNR-Institute of Culturale Heritage/Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli)

 

The carbonized remains of an ancient papyrus scroll from Herculaneum have yielded long-lost information concerning Plato, including his exact burial place as well as details about his demise into slavery. Located near the iconic site of Pompeii, Herculaneum was obliterated by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE, leaving the town – and its large collection of papyri – preserved under ash for thousands of years.

Like many other scrolls recovered from the historic site, the papyrus in question is in good condition but largely blackened, thus rendering it virtually unreadable. It contains a section of the History of the Academy of Philodemus of Gadara, which forms part of Philodemus' Review of the Philosophers.

Philodemus of Gadara was an Epicurean philosopher who lived from around 110 to 40 BCE and resided for a period in Herculaneum. His History of the Academy includes detailed information about the life of Plato and the Academy that he founded in Athens in the early fourth century BCE.

Using an array of techniques including infrared and ultraviolet optical imaging, molecular and elemental imaging, thermal imaging, and digital microscopy, researchers were able to make out over 1,000 words from the burnt parchment, equalling around 30 percent of the complete text. Commenting on this achievement in a statement, project coordinator Graziano Ranocchia explained that the newly-deciphered contents reveal “a number of new and concrete facts about various academic philosophers.”

 

charred scroll fragments laid out against blue background
 
The fragments have been examined in detail using a range of techniques.
Image credit: D.P. Pavone (CNR-Institute of Culturale Heritage/Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli)

“The new readings often draw on new and concrete facts about Plato's Academy, Hellenistic literature, Philodemus of Gadara and ancient history in general,” adds Kilian Fleischer, who is in charge of editing the papyrus.

Previously, it was well known that Plato was buried within the grounds of the Academy, which was destroyed by the Roman dictator Sulla in 86 BCE. However, after analyzing the ancient scroll, researchers have now pinpointed the famous philosopher’s final resting place to a private garden near to a shrine dedicated to the Muses, known as the Museion.

Other details reported in the charred document indicate that Plato was sold into slavery on the island of Aegina, possibly following the Spartan invasion of 404 BCE or in the aftermath of the death of Socrates in 399 BCE. These accounts challenge the prevailing understanding that Plato’s servitude had begun in 387 BCE on the island of Sicily.

In another passage, Plato is quoted expressing his disdain for the musical abilities of a Barbarian performer from Thrace.

Known for his famous Theory of Forms - which states that the physical world we experience is but a shadow of the true reality - Plato died in Athens in 348 BCE.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Article

 

 

Plato’s Exact Burial Place Revealed By Charred Papyrus Near Pompeii | IFLScience

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Italian Research Team May Have Found Plato’s Burial Site in Athens

 

Graziano Ranocchia, a papyrologist at the University of Pisa, said he found Plato’s exact burial place based on papyri findings in Herculaneum near Naples.

Discovered in the 18th century, the Herculaneum papyri comprise more than 1,800 prehistoric scrolls. In the opulent Villa of the Papyri, a Roman estate in Herculaneum, Italy, they were discovered. Buried and protected by volcanic ash for thousands of years, the Herculaneum scrolls represent the only large-scale library from the classical world that has survived in its entirety.

Using AI technology, scientists are now attempting to decipher the papyri. Found new words that indicated a 30% increase in text when compared to a 1991 analysis.

The discovery is contained in a thousand new or differently read words of the papyrus containing the History of the Academy of Philodemus of Gadara.

The discovery was revealed by papyrologist Graziano Ranocchia of the University of Pisa, presenting the mid-term results of the GreekSchools research project conducted with the National Research Council at the National Library in Naples.

 

The archaeological site of Plato's academy. Photo: Tomisti, CC BY-SA 3.0
The archaeological site of Plato’s academy. Photo: Tomisti, CC BY-SA 3.0

Papyrologist Graciano Ranocchia claimed that the findings indicate that Plato was buried in the “Academy” named after him in Athens, in a garden near the “Temple of the Muses.” This breakthrough stems from a fresh interpretation of papyri written by Philodemus of the Epicurean school, detailing the history of the Academy.

Known as simply “The Academy,” or Plato’s Academy, was a well-known school in ancient Athens that was established outside the city walls in the northwest of the city in 387 BC. The legendary hero Academos is credited with giving the site its name.

Reexamined Herculaneum papyri by researchers indicate that Plato might have been sold into slavery either in 399 BC following Socrates’ passing or in 404 BC during the Spartan conquest of Aegina. This refutes earlier theories that dated the incident to 387 BC, during Plato’s stay in Syracuse.

There are differences in the ways that Cicero and Hermippus relate Plato’s demise: Cicero says he died while writing, while Hermippus says he died at a wedding at the age of 81 and was interred in the Academy.

Cover Photo: “The School of Athens” by Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino. Source

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Article

 

 

Italian Research Team May Have Found Plato's Burial Site in Athens - Arkeonews

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

image

 

Plato’s final resting place revealed using ‘bionic eye’

 

With new technology, researchers decipher 1000 words from the Herculaneum papyri that includes details about Plato’s final resting place.

 

Maria Mocerino
 
 
Published: Apr 24, 2024 10:08 AM EST
 
CULTURE
 
Plato’s final resting place revealed using ‘bionic eye’
 
A detail from the Herculaneum papyriANSA.it
 

Three years ago, a University of Pisa research team set out to decipher the Herculaneum papyri with new technology at their disposable known as a “bionic eye.”

Since the scrolls were discovery in the 18thcentury, many papyrologists have tried and succeeded in parts in the past. However, the majority of the priceless document remains shrouded in mystery, or carbon.

After all, Vesuvius destroyed the 1,800 scrolls at the site of Herculaneum in the eruption in 79 CE that also buried Pompeii. The volcanic eruption turned these scrolls into carbonized charcoal that researchers have been attempting to read for a couple of centuries now.

Innovative technology deciphers part of the legendary Herculaneum papyri

In the 18th century, archeologists found the Herculaneum papyri in the Villa dei Papyri, which belonged to Julius Caesar’s father-in-law. He owned the only classical library that survived the Greco-Roman period.

Thought to have housed works by Sophocles, Epicurus, and Aristotle, the loss of these scrolls almost holds a similar significance as the works destroyed by the great fire in the Library of Alexandria.

Papyrologist Graziano Ranocchia from the University of Pisa announced at the Naples Biblioteca Nazionale some promising mid-term results from their “Greek Schools” research project.

A “bionic eye” enabled his research team to read about 1,000 words from the history of the Academy by Philodemus of Gadara, an Epicurean poet and philosopher. With this new technology, they penetrated layers of carbon with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and infrared hyperspectralimaging techniques.

The emerging technology known as OCT performs high-resolution cross-sectional imaging commonly used to take pictures of the back of an eye using reflected light. Infrared hyperspectral imaging has a variety of subsets from near to mid to far. Simply put, it can reveal hidden features of an object that may not be visible to the naked eye. These techniques brought 2,000 year old text to the surface.

Details from Plato’s life uncovered

Researchers believe that they have identified the location of Plato’s burial site.

According to their findings, his final resting place appears to be in a private area in a garden in the academy, near a shrine to the Muses. Roman dictator Sulla destroyed the Platonic Academy in 86 BCE, butarcheologistsrediscovered it in the 20thcentury. Currently open to the public, archeologists have thoroughly examined the site, but we always seem touncover something else.“The text also speaks of Plato’s last night,Ranocchia said.“He was running a high fever and was bothered by the music they were playing.”

Furthermore, Plato was either sold as a slave on the island of Aegina in 404 BCE when the Spartans conquered the island or after the death of Socrates which contradicts previous beliefs that he was sold in 387 BCE in Syracuse, Sicily.

The research project will continue until 2026. The new bionic eye technology might just penetrate the carbon as we’ve never been able to before.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Article

 

 

Plato's final resting place revealed using 'bionic eye' (interestingengineering.com)

 

 

 

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I forgot to mention Cincinnati as one of the largest city before 1492.  The Hopewell and Adena culture had a name(s) for this place before it was named Cincinnati. Cincinnati was named after Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus, 5th century BC in Rome. 

 

I mentioned Chillicothe and Cahokia previously under the topic "List of cities in the Americas by year of foundation" as shown below. I also mentioned these cities on another post under the topic "Largest cities in Americas  940BC - 2100AD" as shown below.

 

Another Amerindian culture that should have been on the list are the Calusa Indians in Florida. Their population grew as large as 50,000 in the 15th century as mentioned in the article below.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Calusa (kah LOOS ah) lived on the sandy shores of the southwest coast of Florida. These Indians controlled most of south Florida. The population of this tribe may have reached as many as 50,000 people. The Calusa men were tall and well built with long hair. Calusa means "fierce people," and they were described as a fierce, war-like people. Many smaller tribes were constantly watching for these marauding warriors. The first Spanish explorers found that these Indians were not very friendly. The explorers soon became the targets of the Calusa attacks. This tribe was the first one that the Spanish explorers wrote home about in 1513.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Article

 

 

https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/calusa/calusa1.htm

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Posted by: @prau123
↑

 

List of cities in the Americas by year of foundation

 
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 

This is a list of cities in the Americas (South, Central and North) by founding year and present-day country.

 

Year City Region Country Notes
13,000 BC Wyam Oregon United States  
7500 BC Tlapacoya Ixtapaluca Mexico  
4000 BC Puerto Hormiga Culture Cartagena Colombia  
3710 BC Aspero Norte Chico Peru  
2627 BC Caral Norte Chico Peru  
1500 BC Kaminaljuyu Guatemala city Guatemala  
900 BC Flores Petén Guatemala

Formerly Nojpetén, the capital of the Itza kingdom, it has been occupied continuously since prehispanic times. Earliest archaeological traces date back to 900–600 BC, with major expansion of the settlement occurring around 250–400 AD. Ethnohistoric documents claim the founding of Nojpetén in the mid-15th century AD
800 BC Cholula Puebla Mexico Oldest continually inhabited city in Mexico [1]
800 BC Cuicuilco Mexico City Mexico  
700 BC Ticul Yucatán Mexico  
300 BC Teotihuacan México Mexico In the Valley of Mexico
200 Mitla Oaxaca Mexico  
200 Acanceh Yucatan Mexico  
500 Cuenca Azuay Ecuador  
524 Ejutla Oaxaca Mexico [2]
550 Izamal Yucatan Mexico  
600 Cahokia Illinois United States  
713 Tula Hidalgo Mexico  
1001 L'Anse aux Meadows Newfoundland and Labrador Canada Oldest known European (Norse) settlement in the Americas. Possibly founded by Leif Erikson, as part of Vinland, in 1001 AD.
1000 Acoma Pueblo and Taos Pueblo New Mexico United States  
1050 Motul Yucatán Mexico  
1050 Pachuca Hidalgo Mexico  
1100 Cusco Cusco Province Peru  
1100 Oraibi Arizona United States Hopi Reservation [1]
1168 Ecatepec Estado de Mexico Mexico  
1259 Chimalhuacán Mexico State Mexico  
1313 Xalapa Veracruz Mexico  
1325 Tenochtitlan Mexico City Mexico Largest pre-Columbian city in the Americas, later called Mexico City.
1450 Etzanoa Kansas United States [3]
1450 Zuni Pueblo New Mexico United States http://www.cpluhna.nau.edu/People/zuni.ht m" rel="nofollow">[2]
1470 Iximche Chimaltenango Guatemala

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Wyam city, Oregon, USA was founded 13,000 years ago. The founding of this city supports the Bering Route Theory. Paleolithic Amerindians are nomads, but they will eventually establish a large community in NW Pacific Coast region before resuming their migration southward or eastward. The accepted theory so far is that the Amerindians arrived in the Americas 20,000 plus years ago which suggest that an earlier city may have been establish along the way and possibly be located higher up in the Washington state or western Canada however the continental glacier may have deterred any earlier attempt. The list of cities above is informative however Archaeologist will eventually find more cities in between and therefore connecting more dots from North America to South America. The long-held belief that the first pre-Columbian city was established in Caral, Peru was astounding at the time.  Caral would only come to existence several thousand years later. By then population were increasing and expanding throughout the Americas and Caral was one of the pinnacle examples of that growth. I am actually not sure if Wyam is considered a city by definition. Cahokia and Chillicothe in the US were much larger in comparison to Wyam. Cholula in Mexico is the oldest continually inhabited city in the Americas.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Article

 

 

List of cities in the Americas by year of foundation - Wikipedia

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Video

 

 

(12) Largest Cities in the Americas | 940 BC - 2100 AD - YouTube

 

 

Cincinnati and Chillicothe are the only U.S. cities shown on the list in the video prior to the arrival of the Europeans in 1492. Please scroll to 1:36 in the video. Both cities were occupied by the Hopewell Indians and Adena Indians. Their population significantly grew large in 1420.

 

 

 

 

 

However the video should have also included Cahokia Mound, an urban center that grew extremely large around 1100 AD.

 

At the high point of its development, Cahokia was the largest urban center north of the great Mesoamerican cities in Mexico and Central America. Home to about 1,000 people before circa 1050, its population grew rapidly after that date. According to a 2007 study in Quaternary Science Reviews, "Between AD 1050 and 1100, Cahokia's population increased from between 1,400 and 2,800 people to between 10,200 and 15,300 people". an estimate that applies only to a 1.8-square-kilometre (0.69 sq mi) high-density central occupation area. Archaeologists estimate the city's population at between 6,000 and 40,000 at its peak, with more people living in outlying farming villages that supplied the main urban center.

As a result of archeological excavations in the early 21st century, new residential areas were found to the west of Cahokia; this discovery increased estimates of historic area population. If the highest population estimates are correct, Cahokia was larger than any subsequent city in the United States until the 1780s, when Philadelphia's population grew beyond 40,000. Its population may have been larger than contemporaneous London and Paris.

 

 

 

 

Wikipedia

 

 

Cahokia - Wikipedia

 

 

 

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Patagonian Indians especially the Tehuelche culture were considered the tallest people in the Americas during the Age of Exploration and they were located in Argentina and Chile in South America. However there was one other culture that rivaled their giant size and they were located in North America.  The Osage people were tall and strong averaging 6 to 7 feet in height as mentioned below.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Some Europeans compared Osage warriors to conquering Roman legions or medieval knights. Jefferson called their warriors "gigantic" – averaging well over 6 feet in height. (One Osage chief was 7 feet tall and weighed 300 pounds!) Warriors were very hardy and could travel 60 miles a day – on foot!

 

 

 

 

Who was the 7 foot tall Native American?
 
 
Osage men were typically described as very tall and physically well-built. Black Dog was apparently even more imposing than most, since he was described as nearly 7 feet (2.1 m) tall and weighing at least 300 pounds (140 kg). He was reportedly blind in his left eye. He is believed to have led one of the larger bands.

 

 

 

 

 

 

What was the average height for the Osage tribe?
 
 
Early settlers have said that the Osages were the largest Native people in North America, with the Osage men averaging over 6 feet tall. In war, they were feared by neighboring tribes.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Black Dog was a contemporary of, and shared power in the tribe with, two other noted chiefs: Clermont (Claremore)[a]andPawhuska.[1]Osage men were typically described as very tall and physically well-built. Black Dog was apparently even more imposing than most, since he was described as nearly 7 feet (2.1 m) tall and weighing at least 300 pounds (140 kg). He was reportedly blind in his left eye.[1]He is believed to have led one of the larger bands.

 

 

image

 

 

 

 

 

 

Article

 

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Dog_(Osage_chief)#:~:text=Osage%20men%20were%20typically%20described,one%20of%20the%20larger%20bands.

 

 

 

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